2.1.4 Shell Pattern Matching

find and locate can compare file names, or parts of file names, to shell patterns. A shell pattern is a string that may contain the following special characters, which are known as wildcards or metacharacters.

You must quote patterns that contain metacharacters to prevent the shell from expanding them itself. Double and single quotes both work; so does escaping with a backslash.

*

Matches any zero or more characters.

?

Matches any one character.

[string]

Matches exactly one character that is a member of the string string. This is called a character class. As a shorthand, string may contain ranges, which consist of two characters with a dash between them. For example, the class [a-z0-9_] matches a lowercase letter, a number, or an underscore. You can negate a class by placing a ! or ^ immediately after the opening bracket. Thus, [^A-Z@] matches any character except an uppercase letter or an at sign.

\

Removes the special meaning of the character that follows it. This works even in character classes.

In the find tests that do shell pattern matching (-name, -wholename, etc.), wildcards in the pattern will match a . at the beginning of a file name. This is also the case for locate. Thus, find -name '*macs' will match a file named .emacs, as will locate '*macs'.

Slash characters have no special significance in the shell pattern matching that find and locate do, unlike in the shell, in which wildcards do not match them. Therefore, a pattern foo*bar can match a file name foo3/bar, and a pattern ./sr*sc can match a file name ./src/misc.

If you want to locate some files with the locate command but don't need to see the full list you can use the --limit option to see just a small number of results, or the --count option to display only the total number of matches.