Next: Environment Variables, Up: Program Basics
The system starts a C program by calling the function main. It
is up to you to write a function named main—otherwise, you
won't even be able to link your program without errors.
In ISO C you can define main either to take no arguments, or to
take two arguments that represent the command line arguments to the
program, like this:
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
The command line arguments are the whitespace-separated tokens given in
the shell command used to invoke the program; thus, in `cat foo
bar', the arguments are `foo' and `bar'. The only way a
program can look at its command line arguments is via the arguments of
main. If main doesn't take arguments, then you cannot get
at the command line.
The value of the argc argument is the number of command line
arguments. The argv argument is a vector of C strings; its
elements are the individual command line argument strings. The file
name of the program being run is also included in the vector as the
first element; the value of argc counts this element. A null
pointer always follows the last element: argv[argc]
is this null pointer.
For the command `cat foo bar', argc is 3 and argv has
three elements, "cat", "foo" and "bar".
In Unix systems you can define main a third way, using three arguments:
int main (int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])
The first two arguments are just the same. The third argument
envp gives the program's environment; it is the same as the value
of environ. See Environment Variables. POSIX.1 does not
allow this three-argument form, so to be portable it is best to write
main to take two arguments, and use the value of environ.