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Welcome to another issue of the Brave GNU World; this time with a variety of topics from different areas.

欢迎再次来到《勇敢 GNU 世界》； 这次将有来自不同领域的各种话题。 【译注：为求优译，中英文并陈将持续到发表之后约一个月； 在此期间，请不吝于提供对于本文翻译的意见。】

KDE en_GB（KDE 的英语本地化工程）

John Knight pointed the "KDE en_GB" project out to me, of which he is the initiator and coordinator. Goal of the project is to provide a British English (en_GB) localization for the well-known K Desktop Environment (KDE).

John Knight 向我指出了“KDE en_GB”工程， 他是该工程的发起者和管理者。 该工程的目标就是为着名的 K 桌面环境（KDE） 提供一个英式英语（en_GB）的本地化环境。

Many people value "their" English and (as in this case) do not feel comfortable with the far-spread American English. This project allows them to choose their favorite English.

很多人很珍惜“他们的”英语， 对广泛传播的美语并不感到舒服。 这个工程可以使他们选择他们喜爱的英语。

It also offers advantages for the educational field, because in some countries, British English is the authoritative form and pupils using only seeing American English on their computers might develop problems with their own language.

这对教育领域也是有利的， 因为在一些国家， 英语是官方语言， 如果学生们在使用他们电脑的过程中间只看到美语， 这会对他们自己语言的发展造成问题。

Therefore John believes that as one of the major results of his project, KDE will experience an advantage in schools and universities of Great Britainy, Australia and other former members of the British Empire.

因此 John 相信他的工程的一个主要结果就是将使得 KDE 在英国、 澳大利亚以及其他的前大英帝国成员的学校和大学中更具有优势。

John himself happens to be Australian and started the project about 1.5 years ago because - according to his own sentiment - he used to be overly pedantic and wanted to put that to good use.

John 本身是一个澳大利亚人， 他在一年半之前开始这项工程， 因为根据他自己的观点， 他过去太过于书生气并希望能够很好的应用它。

Together with Malcolm Hunter (England), Dwayne Bailey (South Africa), Aston Clulow (Australia) and Ken Knight, his twin brother, John is trying to keep the translation as up-to-date as possible, because ongoing development provides a permanently changing basis. This is one of the main difficulties the project is facing.

与 Malcolm Hunter （英格兰）、 Dwayne Bailey （南非）、 Aston Clulow （澳大利亚）以及他的孪生兄弟 Ken Knight一起， John 正在努力的使翻译尽可能地保持最新， 这是因为正在进行的开发造成了巨大的基础改变。 这是该工程目前面对的主要困难之一。

Other problems arise from programmers writing mixtures of British and American English; also sometimes Americanisms are overlooked by the translators. Therefore, additional pairs of eyes are always welcome.

其他问题有程序员写作中英语和美语的混合使用； 以及有时美语被翻译人员忽视。 因此总是欢迎更多目光的关注〔以帮忙找出这些问题〕。

By the way: It appears that contact with Will Stephenson, another volunteer, was lost because his email address does not seem to work. If Will Stephenson reads this: John asks you to get in touch with him.

顺便一提： 〔他〕似乎与另一个志愿者 Will Stephenson 失去了联系， 因为他的电子邮件地址失效了。 如果 Will Stephenson 读到了这篇文章， John 请你和他联系。

Also John would like to encourage the large distributions to support the project more, since some of them require installing the package by hand.

同时 John 也希望鼓励大的散布件〔能够〕更多地支持这项工程， 因为它们中的一些包需要手工安装。

Within the project, a list of all English-speaking countries has been created, which lists the preferred form of English within a country. Even if it is not complete, it could certainly be interesting for distributors to optimize the automatic customization.

在该工程中， 建立了一个所有说英语的国家列表， 它列出了一个国家中比较倾向的英语。 即使它并不全， 它对散布者〔进行〕「自动客户化」的优化也肯定是有用的。

And finally the work of Dwayne should be mentioned. He is being financed by the South African government to create modules for all 11 languages spoken in South Africa - when John spoke to him last, he was busy with Xhosa and Zulu.

最后应该提到的是 Dwayne 的工作。 他由南非政府资助来为所有十一种南非所说的语言创建模块 -- 上一次 John 和他谈话的时候， 他正在忙于 Xhosa 语和 Zulu 语。

The freedom of doing such projects is truly invaluable and cannot be put into monetary terms; it is clearly a major argument for Free Software. Also it shows that Free Software not only encourages cultural diversity between countries, it also strengthens cultural diversity within a country.

进行如此工程的自由是无价的， 无法用金钱来衡量； 这显然是自由软件的一个主要观点。 同时它也表明自由软件不但鼓励国家之间文化的多元化， 也加强了一个国家内部文化的多元化。

As usual within the KDE project, the work of the translation teams is also published under the terms of the GNU General Public License and if you are interested in more information about translations of KDE, you should take a look at the KDE home page for translators and documentation writers. [5]

正如 KDE 工程的惯例， 这个翻译工作组的工作也是以 GNU General Public License 进行发布的； 如果你对 KDE 翻译的更多信息感兴趣， 请参看 KDE 的翻译和文档写作的主页。 [5]

This is also where new translators can find information and new translations can be started. It would certainly be interesting to have translations into some of the German dialects, "Platt" for instance. Should someone be working on this, please let me know. [1]

这里也是新的翻译者寻找信息和新的翻译开始的地方。 诸如译为德国方言“Platt”的工作一定是十分有趣的。 如果有人愿意这么作，请告诉我。 [1]

JMail（Java 编写的电子邮件程序）

JMail [6] is an email program written in Java by Yvan Norsa and published under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

JMail [6] 是一个 Yvan Norsa 用 Java 编写的电子邮件程序， 它以 GNU General Public License (GPL) 发布。

Originally started as homework for school, JMail has turned out to be a rather complete email client with LDAP support that can be used on all platforms supporting Java. This makes it particularly interesting for everyone having to work on different platforms.

JMail 已经由最初的学校家庭作业变成了一个支持 LDAP 的相当完善的电子邮件客户端〔程序〕， 可以在所有支持 Java 的平台上使用。 这使得必须在不同平台上工作的人对它特别感兴趣。

Despite the GPL-license, the project is of course notably encumbered as Free Software, since it requires a proprietary Java environment, making the user dependant on them. This well-known Java problem has not been solved completely still.

尽管是 GPL 许可的， 该工程显然还是有困难成为自由软件， 因为它要求私权的 Java 环境， 这使得用户必须依赖它们。 这个着名的 Java 问题还没有得到很好的解决。

For further development, Yvan plans reimplementing some parts with code that he feels is unsatisfactory, as well as introducing local folders and thread support. Also the profile files will be changed From plain text to XML.

在将来的开发中， Yvan 将重新实现一些他认为不满意的部分的代码， 同时也将引入本地文档夹和线程支持。 同时配置文档也将由纯文本变为 XML。

At the moment JMail supports English and French; help by translators for other languages than English and French, as well as help by proofreaders for the English version would be very welcome.

目前 JMail 支持英语和法语； 非常欢迎来自英语和法语之外的语言翻译者， 以及英语版本的验证读者的帮助。

But even more importantly than translators are more users giving feedback and bug reports to help Yvan reaching version 1.0, which he would like to release towards the end of this summer.

但是比翻译更重要的是更多用户的反馈和错误报告， 以帮助 Yvan 达到 1.0 的版本， 他希望在这个夏天结束的时候发布。

Speex（语音压缩程序）

One of the areas most encumbered by the existance of software patents is digital compression of voice audio files, which provides the basis for internet telephony ("Voice over IP;" VoIP), audio books, internet radio, voice mail and other future applications.

被软件专利的存在所阻碍的领域之一便是语音音频文档的数字压缩， 它为互联网通话（“IP 语音” VoIP)、语音图书、互联网收音、 语音邮件以及其他将来的应用提供了基础。

Since Free Software is not compatible with a monopolizing system, a Free Software implementation of patented algorithms can only be done under very special circumstances, which are not met in this area. Users of Free Software are therefore left with few choices nowadays, which either means low quality and/or low compression rate or encodings that were optimized for music, like Ogg-Vorbis. [7]

因为自由软件与垄断系统不相容， 专利算法的自由软件实现只能在非常特殊的环境中实现， 这无法满足该领域的需要。 因此目前自由软件的用户只有很少的选择， 要么意味着低质量和（或）低的压缩率， 要么是为音乐优化的编码， 例如 Ogg-Vorbis。 [7]

With Speex, [8] a recent addition to the GNU Project, Jean-Marc Valin is working on a Free Software solution unencumbered by software patents. He is being supported in this task by David Rowe and Steve Underwood, as well as several people helping investigate patents to ensure Speex does not violate them.

通过最近新加入 GNU 工程的 Speex [8]， Jean-Marc Valin 正在完成一个不被软件专利阻碍的自由软件的解决方案。 David Rowe 和 Steve Underwood 在支持他的这个任务， 另外有一些人通过查找专利以确保 Speex 不会违反它们。

Having been started in February 2002, the project is written entirely in ANSI C to keep it as portable as possible and published under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) to maintain interoperability with proprietary software.

该工程开始于2002年2月， 它完全由 ANSI C 编写以尽可能的保证其移植性， 并且以 GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 发布以保持与私权软件协同工作的能力。

As the project is still in a relatively young development phase, the file and stream format often changing from version to version - stabilizing this is one of the most important tasks at hand.

因为该工程仍然处于相对早期的开发阶段， 文档和〔音乐〕流格式经常在版本之间改变 -- 使之稳定化是目前手头最重要的任务之一。

Despite this difficulty, there are already first applications of Speex - for example Linphone [9] by Simon Morlat, an internet telephony program for GNU/Linux, which is also building upon the GNU oSIP library introduced in issue #39. [10]

尽管存在这个困难， 现在已经有了 Speex 的第一批应用程序 -- 例如 Simon Morlat 的 Linphone ， [9] 一个 GNU/Linux 上的互联网电话程序， 同时它也构建于第 39 期上介绍的 GNU oSIP 程序库之上。 [10]

The most severe problem for Speex development are software patents, though. They require permanent attention to check whether patents are being violated and how they can be circumvented. This provides a significant roadblock to innovation and help for this is very much welcome.

然而 Speex 开发的最严重的问题就是软件专利。 它们要求始终注意是否违反了专利以及如何避免它们。 这为创新设置了一个严重的障碍， 非常欢迎在这个问题上的帮助。

Depending on the perspective, some could consider the unsatisfactoy music-encoding-capabilities of Speex a disadvantage; but for this purpose there is Ogg-Vorbis, to which Speex seeks to provide a supplemental, not a replacement.

根据前景， 有些人可能会认为不令人满意的音乐编码能力是 Speex 的一个缺陷； 但是基于这个目的〔我们〕有 Ogg-Vorbis 〔来针对它〕， Speex 只是为其提供一个补充而不是代替它。

Besides the patent problems, there are also other issues you can support Speex development with. Developers with a background in digital signal processing (DSP) are sought for quality improvement and help would also be useful for the API and the encoder/decoder.

除了专利问题， 还存在一些其它你可以帮助 Speex 开发的地方。 寻求具有数字信号处理（DSP）背景的开发者以改进质量， 同时有关 API 和编码/解码器的帮助也将非常有用。

Similar to many young projects, Speex also is lacking in documentation, as the developers sadly admit. So there are many possibilities to participate.

与很多早期的项目一样， Speex 缺乏文档， 正如开发者悲哀地承认的一样。 所以有很多参与的机会。

As a side note, Jean-Marc would like to see pointed out that being member of the University of Sherbrooke does not put him into a conflict of interests although the university is notorious for holding software patents on speech coding.

作为附注， Jean-Marc 很乐意被指出， 作为 Sherbrooke 大学中的一员并没有与他造成利益的冲突， 尽管该大学因为在语音编码上坚持软件专利而声名狼藉。

Although he made his masters degree in that group, he is now working on his Ph.D. in the group for mobile robotics, which gives him freedom when working on speech coding.

尽管他是在那个领域中拿到了他的硕士学位， 他现在移动机器人的领域攻读他的博士学位， 这给了他在语音编码上工作的自由。

It is a rather sad statement for the future of science that such a disclaimer is necessary nowadays.

目前这样的放弃声明是必须的， 这对于科学的未来是一种相当悲惨的境地。

软件专利

As the previous feature shows, software patents have a very immediate effect on some projects and we have to fear that this will spread further. By now, many people have heard about the software patent problem - also thanks to the untiring work of people like Hartmut Pilch and Jean-Paul Smets.

正如上面特写所显示的， 软件专利对于一些工程具有非常直接的影响， 我们必须担心这会传播得更加广泛。 到现在， 很多人们都听说过软件专利问题 -- 同时非常感谢像 Hartmut Pilch 和 Jean-Paul Smets 一样的人们的不懈工作。

But it seems there is still a lot of wrong ideas and confusion around this topic - especially with decision makers and politicians, because otherwise some statements become incomprehensible.

但似乎关于这个话题仍然存在着很多的错误观念和困惑 -- 特别是对于决策者和政客们， 因为若非如此， 一些〔相关的〕陈述就会变得无法理解了。

In issue #5 [11] of the Brave GNU World, the attempt was made to point out the problem technically, but maybe it is time to view it more from a macro-economical perspective.

《勇敢 GNU 世界》的第 5 期 [11] 试图从技术上指出这个问题， 但是也许现在是更多的从总体经济的角度来看待它的时候了。

As examples in the United States show, [12] the actual effect of software patents is introducing a mechanism which allows larger companies to raise or lower their thumb, deciding about life or death of innovative ideas and companies. They provide a carte blanche to force anyone into legal struggles that are usually survived by the larger company.

正如美国的例子所展示的， [12] 软件专利的实际效果是引入了一个机制， 允许大公司们可以通过「赞成与否」〔的行为〕 来决定创新的想法和公司的死活。 它们提供了一张全权委托书来强迫所有人进行法律斗争， 而通常是大公司幸存下来。

The creation of software patents and the legal struggles about software patents both require patent lawyers. And in Europe the patent approving instance, the European Patent Office, is neither democratically controlled nor is it responsible for approved patents. This makes software patents the gold donkey for patent lawyers and the patent office.

软件专利和关于软件专利的法律斗争都需要专利律师。 在欧洲， 专利批准机构 - 欧洲专利局 - 既不被民主地管理也不对批准的专利负责。 这使软件专利成为了专利律师和专利局的摇钱树（金驴）。

Software patents can be created in almost any number, do not require a connection to reality and their only purpose is to start legal struggles.

软件专利可以几乎任意数目地建立， 而并不需要与事实的联系， 它们的唯一目的就是要引起法律斗争。

But software patents do not only provide an efficient obstacle to innovation, they also force companies to spend large sums on patent lawyers and fees and make it necessary to maintain much larger "war chests" for legal struggles.

但是软件专利不但为创新设置了一个有效的障碍， 同时它们也强迫公司花费更多的专利律师费和专利费， 并使得为法律斗争维持很多的“战争资金”成为必需。

Therefore software patents weaken innovation and the economic situation by introducing a kind of artificial friction loss which subsidizes part of the legal system.

因此软件专利通过引入一种收买了部分法律系统的人为摩擦损失， 削弱了创新和经济形式。

This is supported by practical experience as well as theoretical studies, because until today there is no proof that software patents are beneficial for society, but there are many facts showing their harmful effects.

这个观点既被实践经验也被理论研究所支持， 因为直到今天都没有软件专利使社会受益的证据， 但是却有很多展示它们害处的事实。

It should be allowed to raise the question whether the group of patent offices and patent lawyers needs such a subsidy financed by the overall economic situation.

应该允许提出这样的问题 -- 是否专利局和专利律师集团需要这样的一个由全部经济形式来支持的津贴。

For those who would like to get deeper into the topic, the material collected by the FFII [13] is recommended. Also I ask everybody to support the petition for a software patent free Europe [14] and write letters to the editor to the mainstream press, asking them to address this topic.

对于希望更进一步深入探讨该话题的人们， 推荐〔阅读〕由 FFII [13] 所收集的材料。 同时我也请求每一个人都来支持要求一个没有软件专利的欧洲的请愿书 [14]， 并给主流媒体的编辑们写信， 请求他们关注这个话题。

polyXmass（质谱模拟程序）

Filippo Rusconi of the "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique" (CNRS) has published polyXmass, [15] a program for mass spectrometry simulation, as Free Software under the GNU General Public License (GPL) with support of his university.

“Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique”（CNRS） 的 Filippo Rusconi 发布了 polyXmass ， [15] 一个用于质谱模拟的程序， 作为以 GNU General Public License (GPL) 发布的自由软件并且得到他的大学的支持。

The project aims at providing a modular framework which allows the user to define new polymer chemistries, build them into sequences and perform sophisticated computations on them that simulate chemical reactions in order to create a simulated mass spectrogram reflecting all the previous steps.

这项工程的目的是要提供一个模块框架， 允许用户定义新的聚合化合物， 将它们编入序列， 并对它们进行模拟化学反应的复杂计算， 以创建一个模拟的质谱从而反映所有以前的步骤。

The program was written in C with the Gtk+ toolkit and its target audience would be users of mass spectrometers, especially chemists, biochemists and students. And far as the author knows, there are no comparable projects.

这个程序是搭配 Gtk+ 工具组并用 C 编写的， 它的目标用户将是质谱的使用者， 特别是化学家、生物化学家和学生。 据作者所知， 现在还没有类似的工程。

In the eyes of Filippo Rusconi, polyXmass has many strengths. It is very versatile when defining polymers, incredibly flexible in displaying sequences, allowing users to draw the "letters" of the "alphabet" themselves, as well as very quick in chemical computations.

在 Filippo Rusconi 看来， polyXmass 具有很多能力。 它非常通用， 可以定义聚合物， 显示序列时不可思议的灵活， 允许用户自己绘制“字母表”中的“字母”， 同时在化学计算上也非常快速。

Since XML is used to save polymer definitions and sequences, all data exists as ASCII and can be edited by hand or imported into own programs.

因为使用 XML 储存聚合物定义和序列， 所有的数据都以 ASCII 形式存在， 从而可以手工编辑或者导入自己的程序中。

The project was born out of the wish to move to GNU/Linux, because originally Filippo had written a program called massXpert under Windows, which allowed calculation of proteins only. Instead of simply porting that program, he reimplemented it in a way that would allow working with all polymers, which would be defined by the user. PolyXmass is this reimplementation.

这项工程诞生于移植到 GNU/Linux 上的希望， 因为最初 Filippo 编写了一个叫做 massXpert 的 Windows 下的程序， 它只允许计算蛋白质。 他不是仅仅移植程序， 而是重新实现了它， 重新实现的方式允许针对所有的聚合物工作， 而聚合物将由用户定义。 PolyXmass 就是这项重新的实现。

But development on the program is not "closed." When a colleague recently sketched some complicated formulas on a piece of paper, which required Filippo to to compute masses in a rather tricky way, he wrote a sophisticated molecular calculator for polyXmass and called it polyXcalc. So it is a very lively project that is already very useful to many users as the feedback shows.

但是程序上的开发并没有“关闭”。 当一位同事在一片纸上草拟出了一些复杂的分子式， 而这些要求 Filippo 以一种相当有技巧的方法计算物质时， 他为 polyXmass 编写了一个复杂的分子计算器， 并且叫它 polyXcalc 。 所以它是一项充满活力的工程， 同时正如反馈所表示的， 它对很多用户也是一项非常有用的工程。

For the future it is planned to make the program more modular, possibly through CORBA/Orbit code, but these plans have not yet solidified. If you would like to contribute, you're surely welcome.

〔他〕计划着在将来使程序更加模块化， 可能通过 CORBA/Orbit 代码， 但是这些工程还没有落实。 如果你愿意参与， 非常欢迎。

DotGNU 论坛〔开发工程〕

The DotGNU Forum project [16] is part of the DotGNU project, [17] which aims at creating an "operating system for the internet" and a Free alternative to Microsofts .NET initiative, since the latter currently threatens the freedom of users.

DotGNU 论坛工程 [16] 是 DotGNU 工程的一部分， [17] 它的目的是创建一个“互联网的操作系统” 以及 Microsofts .NET 的一个自由的替代品， 因为它正威胁着用户的自由。

The goal of DotGNU Forum is establishing a platform which allows multiple users to simultaneously work on data together through communication channels such as Internet Relay Chat (IRC), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Instant Messaging (IM), Bulletin Board Systems (BBS), USENET or HTTP.

DotGNU 论坛的目标是建立一个平台， 该平台允许多用户同时通过诸如互联网在线聊天（IRC）、 档案传输协定（FTP）、实时信息 (IM)、公告牌系统 (BBS)、 USENET 或 HTTP 等交流渠道对数据进行操作。

The DotGNU Forum server also provides "plazas," virtual meeting points which may contain data or applications relevant for certain topics. Users can meet in these and work together on a project.

DotGNU 论坛服务器同时也提供“广场”（plazas）虚拟接触点， 它可能会包括与特定话题相关的数据或应用程序。 用户们可以在这里接触并同时在一项工程中工作。

For this the DotGNU Forum provides several means of communication, like documentation browser, download server, message boards and an integrated chat system.

为了实现它， DotGNU 论坛提供了几种交流方式， 例如文档浏览器、下载服务器、信息公告以及一个集成的聊天系统。

DotGNU Forum was written in C# and it is possible to write extensions in other languages supported by DotGNU.

DotGNU 论坛用 C# 编写， 也可以用其他 DotGNU 支持的语言编写扩展〔程序〕。

According to Peter Minten, author of DotGNU Forum, one of the major advantages of his project is its client-server based design philosophy, which tries to keep the server as small and stable as possible. Also the extensibility is one reason why he believes people should consider using DotGNU Forum.

据 DotGNU 论坛的作者 Peter Minten 所说， 他的工程的一大优势在于它构建于客户端-服务器（主从）的理念， 这将使服务器保持尽可能的小和稳定。 同时可扩展性也是他相信人们会考虑使用 DotGNU 论坛的一个原因。

The idea for the project evolved out of some first thoughts about virtual universities and class rooms, which has been generalized to virtual places. In reference to the ancient romans, where the forum was a center of communication and activity, the project was then dubbed DotGNU Forum.

该工程的想法发展了最初关于虚拟大学和教室的想法， 将其推广到了虚拟空间。 在古罗马， 论坛是一个交流和活动的中心， 该工程因此被称为 DotGNU 论坛。

Right now the server still requires some work before the first applications can be written and help is very welcome for writing code and documentation.

直到现在， 服务端在编写第一个应用〔程序〕之前仍然需要一些工作， 因此非常欢迎编写代码和文档的帮助。

For the not-so-close future, Peter envisions 3D-forums in which people can see each other virtually and talk to each other through Voice over IP (VoIP). But until this becomes possible, it'll certainly be a while.

在不是很近的将来， Peter 预想〔能有〕三维论坛， 在其中人们可以互相看到虚拟的对方， 并可以通过 IP 语音（VoIP）交谈。 但是距离这个想法成为现实， 显然还需要一些时间。

As the next steps, it is rather planned to support EMACS and other editors as input interfaces for the forum.

作为第一步， 它计划着要支持 EMACS 和其他编辑器作为论坛的输入界面。 【Emacs 的中文快速指南（TUTORIAL）已经安装到此编辑器包中； 也可以在 GNU 中译小组的页面中 下载 一份拷贝。 】

Oh, and as a part of the GNU Project, DotGNU Forum is naturally released under the GNU General Public License.

哦，对了， 作为 GNU 工程的一部分， DotGNU 论坛自然是以 GNU General Public License 发布的。

下月待续

That should be enough for this month. As usual please feel encouraged to provide questions, ideas, feedback, comments and news about interesting projects by mailing them to the usual address. [1]

以上便是这个月的内容。 一如往常〔所说〕， 请不吝提供有关有趣工程的问题、想法、反馈、意见和消息， 并写信发送到老地方。 [1] 【译注：请以英文或德文撰写邮件，其他的语言无法被了解； 或以中文送到本文翻译。】