10.8 Limitations of Shell Builtins

No, no, we are serious: some shells do have limitations! :)

You should always keep in mind that any builtin or command may support options, and therefore have a very different behavior with arguments starting with a dash. For instance, the innocent `echo "$word"' can give unexpected results when word starts with a dash. It is often possible to avoid this problem using `echo "x$word"', taking the `x' into account later in the pipe.

.

Use . only with regular files (use `test -f'). Bash 2.03, for instance, chokes on `. /dev/null'. Also, remember that . uses PATH if its argument contains no slashes, so if you want to use . on a file `foo' in the current directory, you must use `. ./foo'.

!

You can't use !; you'll have to rewrite your code.

break

The use of `break 2' etc. is safe.

cd

POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires that cd must support the `-L' ("logical") and `-P' ("physical") options, with `-L' being the default. However, traditional shells do not support these options, and their cd command has the `-P' behavior.

Portable scripts should assume neither option is supported, and should assume neither behavior is the default. This can be a bit tricky, since the POSIX default behavior means that, for example, `ls ..' and `cd ..' may refer to different directories if the current logical directory is a symbolic link. It is safe to use cd dir if dir contains no `..' components. Also, Autoconf-generated scripts check for this problem when computing variables like ac_top_srcdir (see section 4.5 Performing Configuration Actions), so it is safe to cd to these variables.

Also please see the discussion of the pwd command.

case

You don't need to quote the argument; no splitting is performed.

You don't need the final `;;', but you should use it.

Because of a bug in its fnmatch, bash fails to properly handle backslashes in character classes:

bash-2.02$ case /tmp in [/\\]*) echo OK;; esac bash-2.02$

This is extremely unfortunate, since you are likely to use this code to handle UNIX or MS-DOS absolute paths. To work around this bug, always put the backslash first:

bash-2.02$ case '\TMP' in [\\/]*) echo OK;; esac OK bash-2.02$ case /tmp in [\\/]*) echo OK;; esac OK

Some shells, such as Ash 0.3.8, are confused by an empty case/esac:

ash-0.3.8 $ case foo in esac; error-->Syntax error: ";" unexpected (expecting ")")

Many shells still do not support parenthesized cases, which is a pity for those of us using tools that rely on balanced parentheses. For instance, Solaris 2.8's Bourne shell:

$ case foo in (foo) echo foo;; esac error-->syntax error: `(' unexpected

echo

The simple echo is probably the most surprising source of portability troubles. It is not possible to use `echo' portably unless both options and escape sequences are omitted. New applications which are not aiming at portability should use `printf' instead of `echo'.

Don't expect any option. See section 4.7.1 Preset Output Variables, ECHO_N etc. for a means to simulate `-n'.

Do not use backslashes in the arguments, as there is no consensus on their handling. On `echo '\n' | wc -l', the sh of Digital Unix 4.0 and MIPS RISC/OS 4.52, answer 2, but the Solaris' sh, Bash, and Zsh (in sh emulation mode) report 1. Please note that the problem is truly echo: all the shells understand `'\n'' as the string composed of a backslash and an `n'.

Because of these problems, do not pass a string containing arbitrary characters to echo. For example, `echo "$foo"' is safe if you know that foo's value cannot contain backslashes and cannot start with `-', but otherwise you should use a here-document like this:

cat <<EOF $foo EOF

exit

The default value of exit is supposed to be $?; unfortunately, some shells, such as the DJGPP port of Bash 2.04, just perform `exit 0'.

bash-2.04$ foo=`exit 1` || echo fail fail bash-2.04$ foo=`(exit 1)` || echo fail fail bash-2.04$ foo=`(exit 1); exit` || echo fail bash-2.04$

Using `exit $?' restores the expected behavior.

Some shell scripts, such as those generated by autoconf, use a trap to clean up before exiting. If the last shell command exited with nonzero status, the trap also exits with nonzero status so that the invoker can tell that an error occurred.

Unfortunately, in some shells, such as Solaris 8 sh, an exit trap ignores the exit command's argument. In these shells, a trap cannot determine whether it was invoked by plain exit or by exit 1. Instead of calling exit directly, use the AC_MSG_ERROR macro that has a workaround for this problem.

export

The builtin export dubs a shell variable environment variable. Each update of exported variables corresponds to an update of the environment variables. Conversely, each environment variable received by the shell when it is launched should be imported as a shell variable marked as exported.

Alas, many shells, such as Solaris 2.5, IRIX 6.3, IRIX 5.2, AIX 4.1.5, and Digital UNIX 4.0, forget to export the environment variables they receive. As a result, two variables coexist: the environment variable and the shell variable. The following code demonstrates this failure:

#! /bin/sh echo $FOO FOO=bar echo $FOO exec /bin/sh $0

when run with `FOO=foo' in the environment, these shells will print alternately `foo' and `bar', although it should only print `foo' and then a sequence of `bar's.

Therefore you should export again each environment variable that you update.

false

Don't expect false to exit with status 1: in the native Bourne shell of Solaris 8 it exits with status 255.

for

To loop over positional arguments, use:

for arg do echo "$arg" done

You may not leave the do on the same line as for, since some shells improperly grok:

for arg; do echo "$arg" done

If you want to explicitly refer to the positional arguments, given the `$@' bug (see section 10.5 Shell Substitutions), use:

for arg in ${1+"$@"}; do echo "$arg" done

But keep in mind that Zsh, even in Bourne shell emulation mode, performs word splitting on `${1+"$@"}'; see 10.5 Shell Substitutions, item `$@', for more.

if

Using `!' is not portable. Instead of:

if ! cmp -s file file.new; then mv file.new file fi

use:

if cmp -s file file.new; then :; else mv file.new file fi

There are shells that do not reset the exit status from an if:

$ if (exit 42); then true; fi; echo $? 42

whereas a proper shell should have printed `0'. This is especially bad in Makefiles since it produces false failures. This is why properly written Makefiles, such as Automake's, have such hairy constructs:

if test -f "$file"; then install "$file" "$dest" else : fi

pwd

With modern shells, plain pwd outputs a "logical" directory name, some of whose components may be symbolic links. These directory names are in contrast to "physical" directory names, whose components are all directories.

POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires that pwd must support the `-L' ("logical") and `-P' ("physical") options, with `-L' being the default. However, traditional shells do not support these options, and their pwd command has the `-P' behavior.

Portable scripts should assume neither option is supported, and should assume neither behavior is the default. Also, on many hosts `/bin/pwd' is equivalent to `pwd -P', but POSIX does not require this behavior and portable scripts should not rely on it.

Typically it's best to use plain pwd. On modern hosts this outputs logical directory names, which have the following advantages:

• Logical names are what the user specified.
• Physical names may not be portable from one installation host to another due to network filesystem gymnastics.
• On modern hosts `pwd -P' may fail due to lack of permissions to some parent directory, but plain pwd cannot fail for this reason.

Also please see the discussion of the cd command.

set

This builtin faces the usual problem with arguments starting with a dash. Modern shells such as Bash or Zsh understand `--' to specify the end of the options (any argument after `--' is a parameter, even `-x' for instance), but most shells simply stop the option processing as soon as a non-option argument is found. Therefore, use `dummy' or simply `x' to end the option processing, and use shift to pop it out:

set x $my_list; shift

Some shells have the "opposite" problem of not recognizing all options (e.g., `set -e -x' assigns `-x' to the command line). It is better to elide these:

set -ex

shift

Not only is shifting a bad idea when there is nothing left to shift, but in addition it is not portable: the shell of MIPS RISC/OS 4.52 refuses to do it.

source

This command is not portable, as POSIX does not require it; use . instead.

test

The test program is the way to perform many file and string tests. It is often invoked by the alternate name `[', but using that name in Autoconf code is asking for trouble since it is an M4 quote character.

If you need to make multiple checks using test, combine them with the shell operators `&&' and `||' instead of using the test operators `-a' and `-o'. On System V, the precedence of `-a' and `-o' is wrong relative to the unary operators; consequently, POSIX does not specify them, so using them is nonportable. If you combine `&&' and `||' in the same statement, keep in mind that they have equal precedence.

You may use `!' with test, but not with if: `test ! -r foo || exit 1'.

test (files)

To enable configure scripts to support cross-compilation, they shouldn't do anything that tests features of the build system instead of the host system. But occasionally you may find it necessary to check whether some arbitrary file exists. To do so, use `test -f' or `test -r'. Do not use `test -x', because 4.3BSD does not have it. Do not use `test -e' either, because Solaris 2.5 does not have it.

test (strings)

Avoid `test "string"', in particular if string might start with a dash, since test might interpret its argument as an option (e.g., `string = "-n"').

Contrary to a common belief, `test -n string' and `test -z string' are portable. Nevertheless many shells (such as Solaris 2.5, AIX 3.2, UNICOS 10.0.0.6, Digital Unix 4 etc.) have bizarre precedence and may be confused if string looks like an operator:

$ test -n = test: argument expected

If there are risks, use `test "xstring" = x' or `test "xstring" != x' instead.

It is common to find variations of the following idiom:

test -n "`echo $ac_feature | sed 's/[-a-zA-Z0-9_]//g'`" && action

to take an action when a token matches a given pattern. Such constructs should always be avoided by using:

echo "$ac_feature" | grep '[^-a-zA-Z0-9_]' >/dev/null 2>&1 && action

Use case where possible since it is faster, being a shell builtin:

case $ac_feature in *[!-a-zA-Z0-9_]*) action;; esac

Alas, negated character classes are probably not portable, although no shell is known to not support the POSIX syntax `[!...]' (when in interactive mode, zsh is confused by the `[!...]' syntax and looks for an event in its history because of `!'). Many shells do not support the alternative syntax `[^...]' (Solaris, Digital Unix, etc.).

One solution can be:

expr "$ac_feature" : '.*[^-a-zA-Z0-9_]' >/dev/null && action

or better yet

expr "x$ac_feature" : '.*[^-a-zA-Z0-9_]' >/dev/null && action

`expr "Xfoo" : "Xbar"' is more robust than `echo "Xfoo" | grep "^Xbar"', because it avoids problems when `foo' contains backslashes.

trap

It is safe to trap at least the signals 1, 2, 13, and 15. You can also trap 0, i.e., have the trap run when the script ends (either via an explicit exit, or the end of the script).

Although POSIX is not absolutely clear on this point, it is widely admitted that when entering the trap `$?' should be set to the exit status of the last command run before the trap. The ambiguity can be summarized as: "when the trap is launched by an exit, what is the last command run: that before exit, or exit itself?"

Bash considers exit to be the last command, while Zsh and Solaris 8 sh consider that when the trap is run it is still in the exit, hence it is the previous exit status that the trap receives:

$ cat trap.sh trap 'echo $?' 0 (exit 42); exit 0 $ zsh trap.sh 42 $ bash trap.sh 0

The portable solution is then simple: when you want to `exit 42', run `(exit 42); exit 42', the first exit being used to set the exit status to 42 for Zsh, and the second to trigger the trap and pass 42 as exit status for Bash.

The shell in FreeBSD 4.0 has the following bug: `$?' is reset to 0 by empty lines if the code is inside trap.

$ trap 'false echo $?' 0 $ exit 0

Fortunately, this bug only affects trap.

true

Don't worry: as far as we know true is portable. Nevertheless, it's not always a builtin (e.g., Bash 1.x), and the portable shell community tends to prefer using :. This has a funny side effect: when asked whether false is more portable than true Alexandre Oliva answered:

In a sense, yes, because if it doesn't exist, the shell will produce an exit status of failure, which is correct for false, but not for true.

unset

You cannot assume the support of unset. Nevertheless, because it is extremely useful to disable embarrassing variables such as PS1, you can test for its existence and use it provided you give a neutralizing value when unset is not supported:

if (unset FOO) >/dev/null 2>&1; then unset=unset else unset=false fi $unset PS1 || PS1='$ '

See section 10.7 Special Shell Variables, for some neutralizing values. Also, see 10.8 Limitations of Shell Builtins, documentation of export, for the case of environment variables.