27 International Character Set Support

Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets, including European and Vietnamese variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Cyrillic, Devanagari (for Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek, Han (for Chinese and Japanese), Hangul (for Korean), Hebrew, IPA, Kannada, Lao, Malayalam, Tamil, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These features have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as MULE (for “MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs”)

Emacs also supports various encodings of these characters used by other internationalized software, such as word processors and mailers.

Emacs allows editing text with international characters by supporting all the related activities:

• You can visit files with non-ASCII characters, save non-ASCII text, and pass non-ASCII text between Emacs and programs it invokes (such as compilers, spell-checkers, and mailers). Setting your language environment (see Language Environments) takes care of setting up the coding systems and other options for a specific language or culture. Alternatively, you can specify how Emacs should encode or decode text for each command; see Specify Coding.
• You can display non-ASCII characters encoded by the various scripts. This works by using appropriate fonts on X and similar graphics displays (see Defining Fontsets), and by sending special codes to text-only displays (see Specify Coding). If some characters are displayed incorrectly, refer to Undisplayable Characters, which describes possible problems and explains how to solve them.
• You can insert non-ASCII characters or search for them. To do that, you can specify an input method (see Select Input Method) suitable for your language, or use the default input method set up when you set your language environment. If your keyboard can produce non-ASCII characters, you can select an appropriate keyboard coding system (see Specify Coding), and Emacs will accept those characters. Latin-1 characters can also be input by using the C-x 8 prefix, see C-x 8. On X Window systems, your locale should be set to an appropriate value to make sure Emacs interprets keyboard input correctly; see locales.

The rest of this chapter describes these issues in detail.

• International Chars: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
• Enabling Multibyte: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
• Language Environments: Setting things up for the language you use.
• Input Methods: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
• Select Input Method: Specifying your choice of input methods.
• Multibyte Conversion: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte.
• Coding Systems: Character set conversion when you read and write files, and so on.
• Recognize Coding: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
• Specify Coding: Various ways to choose which conversion to use.
• Fontsets: Fontsets are collections of fonts that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
• Defining Fontsets: Defining a new fontset.
• Undisplayable Characters: When characters don't display.
• Single-Byte Character Support: You can pick one European character set to use without multibyte characters.
• Charsets: How Emacs groups its internal character codes.