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There may be a some non-ASCII characters that your terminal cannot
display. Most non-windowing terminals support just a single character
set (use the variable default-terminal-coding-system
(see Specify Coding) to tell Emacs which one); characters which
can't be encoded in that coding system are displayed as ‘?’ by
default.
Windowing terminals can display a broader range of characters, but you may not have fonts installed for all of them; characters that have no font appear as a hollow box.
If you use Latin-1 characters but your terminal can't display Latin-1, you can arrange to display mnemonic ASCII sequences instead, e.g. ‘"o’ for o-umlaut. Load the library iso-ascii to do this.
If your terminal can display Latin-1, you can display characters
from other European character sets using a mixture of equivalent
Latin-1 characters and ASCII mnemonics. Customize the variable
latin1-display
to enable this. The mnemonic ASCII
sequences mostly correspond to those of the prefix input methods.