GNU GLOBAL Source Code Tag System

Edition 5.2, for GNU GLOBAL version 5.2

8 August 2006

by Tama Communications Corporation

Table of Contents

1. Overview of the tools

1.1 What is this?

GNU GLOBAL is a source code tag system that works the same way across diverse environments. You can locate a specified object in the source files and move there easily. It is useful for hacking a large project containing many subdirectories, many #ifdef and many main() functions.

It is similar to ctags or etags but is different from them at the point of independence of any editor.

1.2 Concept of project.

GNU GLOBAL can treat a source tree containing subdirectories as a project. It is similar to CVS. You can get the relative path of your object from anywhere in the source tree.

You need not specify where the tag file is. Instead, global(1) will locate the tag file by itself. If tag file isn't found in the current directory, global(1) search parent directories for tag file.

User's position (current directory) is the first argument for GLOBAL's command.

1.3 Features.

GNU GLOBAL has following features:

2. Command line GLOBAL

You can use tag facilities from shell command line. It is a big merit of GLOBAL compared with any other tag system.

2.1 Preparation.

First of all, you must execute gtags(1)(see section 5.2 gtags - create tag files for global.) at the root of source tree. For example, if you want to browse vi's source code: 


    $ cd /usr/src/usr.bin/vi
    $ gtags

Gtags traverse subdirectories and makes four databases at the root of the source tree. 


    $ ls G*
    GPATH   GRTAGS  GSYMS   GTAGS

2.2 Basic usage.

Consider the following source tree: 


    ROOT/           <- the root of source tree (GTAGS,GRTAGS,...)
    |
    |- DIR1/
    |  |
    |  |- fileA.c   .....   +---------------+
    |  |                    |main(){        |
    |  |                    |       func1();|
    |  |                    |       func2();|
    |  |                    |}              |
    |  |                    +---------------+
    |  |
    |  |- fileB.c   .....   +---------------+
    |                       |func1(){ ... } |
    |                       +---------------+
    |- DIR2/
       |
       |- fileC.c   .....   +---------------+
                            |#ifdef X       |
                            |func2(){ i++; }|
                            |#else          |
                            |func2(){ i--; }|
                            |#endif         |
                            |func3(){       |
                            |       func1();|
                            |}              |
                            +---------------+

2.3 Applied usage.

You can make multiple tag files. For example, you can execute gtags at ROOT/, version1.0/ and version2.0/. 


    ROOT/                   <- the root of source tree      (GTAGS,...)
    |
    |- version1.0/          <- the root of version1.0       (GTAGS,...)
    |  |
    |  |- file.c    .....   +---------------+
    |                       |func1(){ i++; }|
    |                       +---------------+
    |
    |- version2.0/          <- the root of version2.0       (GTAGS,...)
       |
       |- file.c    .....   +---------------+
                            |func1(){ i--; }|
                            +---------------+

There is another usage of GTAGSROOT.

3. Various applications

3.1 Global facility for Bash

Special support for bash is available.

3.1.1 Features.

3.1.2 Preparation.

First, do the preparation of global. See section 2.1 Preparation.. And you can invoke bash(1) with --rcfile option. 


    $ bash --rcfile /usr/local/share/gtags/globash.rc

You will see a prompt like this: 


    [/usr/src/sys]/kern _

This prompt means that the current directory is '/usr/src/sys/kern' and the root of the source tree is '/usr/src/sys'. Tag and marker are valid only in a project.

When you get out of the project, globash warns like: 


    [/usr/src/sys] cd ..
    You are going to get out of current project.
    Tag stack and marker will be removed. Sure? ([y]/n)_

If you answer 'y' and RET or just RET in above example then tag stack and marker will be removed.

If you need help then please type 'ghelp'.

3.1.3 Basic usage.

3.1.4 Applied usage.

3.2 Less using GLOBAL.

You can use GLOBAL as a tag system of less instead of ctags.

3.2.1 Features.

3.2.2 Preparation.

First, do the preparation of global. See section 2.1 Preparation..

Second, to use global from less, you need to set environment variable LESSGLOBALTAGS to "global". 


    $ export LESSGLOBALTAGS=global

3.2.3 Basic usage.

3.2.4 Applied usage.

3.3 Extended nvi-1.79 using GLOBAL.

You can use GLOBAL as a tag system of Nvi editor instead of ctags.

3.3.1 Features.

3.3.2 Preparation.

First, do the preparation of global. See section 2.1 Preparation..

Second, to use global from nvi, you need to get into gtagsmode. There are several ways to do this:

  1. Start nvi with `-G' option 
    
    $ nvi -G file.c
  2. Start nvi and execute set gtagsmode. 
    
    $ nvi file.c
    ~
    ~
    ~
    :set gtagsmode
  3. Write the above set command to the `.exrc' or `.nexrc' and start nvi 
    
    $HOME/.exrc
    +----------------------------
    |set gtagsmode
    You must start nvi under the source tree described in section 2.1 Preparation..

3.3.3 Basic usage.

3.3.4 Applied usage.

3.4 nvi-1.81.5 using GLOBAL.

You can use GLOBAL as a tag system of Nvi editor instead of ctags.

3.4.1 Features.

3.4.2 Preparation.

First, do the preparation of global. See section 2.1 Preparation..

Second, to use global from nvi, you need write to `.nexrc' like this: It assumed that gtags.pl is put on `$HOME/perl'. 


    $HOME/.nexrc
    +----------------------------
    |perl use lib "$ENV{'HOME'}/perl"
    |perl require 'gtags.pl'
    |map ^P :tagprev^M
    |map ^N :tagnext^M
    |map ^] :perl tag^M
    |ab gtag perl tag qw(
    |ab gta perl tag qw(
    |ab gt perl tag qw(

You must start nvi under the source tree described in section 2.1 Preparation..

3.4.3 Basic usage.

3.5 Elvis using global

Elvis 2.1 has new tagprg and tagprgonce variables for running an external tag search program. You can use them with GLOBAL.

3.5.1 Features.

3.5.2 Preparation.

First, do the preparation of global. See section 2.1 Preparation..

Second, start elvis and execute set tagprg="global -t $1" like this. 


    $ elvis
    ~
    ~
    ~
    ~
    ~
    ~
    :set tagprg="global -t $1"

3.5.3 Basic usage.

3.5.4 Applied usage.

3.6 Vim using global

In vim 6.2 or later, you can use gtags.vim script.

3.6.1 Features.

3.6.2 Preparation.

First, do the preparation of global. See section 2.1 Preparation..

Second, copy `gtags.vim' to your plugin directory or source it from your vimrc. 


    $ cp /usr/local/share/gtags/gtags.vim $HOME/.vim/plugin

3.6.3 Basic usage.

3.6.4 Applied usage.

3.7 Extended emacs using global

You can use GLOBAL as a tag system of Emacs editor instead of etags.

3.7.1 Features.

3.7.2 Preparation.

First, do the preparation of global. See section 2.1 Preparation..

Second, to use global from emacs, you need to load the `gtags.el' and execute gtags-mode function in it.

  1. Write the autoload function to the `$HOME/.emacs', start emacs and execute the gtags-mode function. If you don't put `gtags.el' in standard macro directory, you need to add the directory to load-path. 
    
    $HOME/.emacs
    +------------------------------------------------------
    |(setq load-path (cons "/home/owner/global" load-path))
    |(autoload 'gtags-mode "gtags" "" t)
    
    $ emacs
    
    |
    |J_:-----Mule: *scratch*       (Lisp Interaction)--L16--All----
    |M-x gtags-mode[RET]
    +------------------------------------------------------
    If you want to get into gtags-mode on c-mode then you can append followings into the `$HOME/.emacs'. 
    
      (setq c-mode-hook
          '(lambda ()
              (gtags-mode 1)
      ))
  2. Specify the root directory of the source tree using gtags-visit-rootdir. If you have tag files in /usr/src/sys then please do like this: 
    
    Visit root directory: /usr/src/sys

3.7.3 Basic usage.

3.7.4 Applied usage.

3.8 Hypertext generator

You can use GLOBAL's facilities from WWW browser.

3.8.1 Features.

3.8.2 Preparation.

At first, you must ensure that you have a lot of disk space. Hypertext needs a great amount of disk space. For example, the source code of FreeBSD kernel needs: 


    source code(/usr/src/sys)       14.0MB
    
    GTAGS                            1.5MB
    GRTAGS                           8.0MB
    GSYMS                           12.0MB
    HTML/                           55MB(!!!)
    -------------------------------------------------
    total                           77MB

Please invoke gtags(1)(see section 5.2 gtags - create tag files for global.) and htags(1)(see section 5.3 htags - generate hypertext from source code.) in order like this: 


    (at your source directory)
    $ gtags                 # make the tag database(GTAGS,GRTAGS,GSYMS)
    $ htags                 # make the hypertext(HTML/)

Then you will find an `HTML' subdirectory in the current directory.

3.8.3 Usage.

Please start a web browser like this: 


    $ lynx HTML/index.html

You will understand the usage by looking at the examples.

You can move the HTML directory to anywhere. It is independent of the source code.

Using mozilla, you can also utilize hypertext from your command line like this: 


    $ mozilla				# load mozilla
    $ global -x main
    main        10 main.c main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    $ gozilla +10 main.c		# usage is similar to vi editor.
    (show main.c at 10 on mozilla's screen.)

But in this case, you must not move HTML directory from the source directory.

3.9 Doxygen using global

You can use GLOBAL as a source browser of Doxygen.

Doxygen Release 1.4.3 or later includs config option USE_HTAGS. When enabled in combination with SOURCE_BROWSER=YES, htags(1) is used as the source browser instead of doxygen's own.

Here is an example. 


(in source directory)
$ doxygen -g
$ vi Doxyfile
+---------------------------------
|...
|INPUT                  = .
|RECURSIVE              = YES
|SOURCE_BROWSER         = YES
|USE_HTAGS              = YES
|...

$ doxygen
$ lynx html/index.html

4. Other topics

4.1 How to config GLOBAL.

You can customize GLOBAL using configuration file. 


    # cp gtags.conf /etc/gtags.conf         # system wide config file.
    # vi /etc/gtags.conf

    $ cp gtags.conf $HOME/.globalrc         # personal config file.
    $ vi $HOME/.globalrc

If `$HOME/.globalrc' exists then GLOBAL use it. Else if `/etc/gtags.conf' exists then GLOBAL use it. Otherwise default value will be used. The format of `gtags.conf' is resemble to termcap(5). By default, 'default' target is used. About the capabilities, please see each command manual. See section 5. Command References.

4.2 Plug-in parser.

You can write new parser and use as a plug-in parser.

4.2.1 How to plug in a parser.

Copy `gtags.conf' to `/etc/gtags.conf' or `$HOME/.globalrc'.

If you would like to use exuberant ctags included by Vim editor, 


    $ cd /vim source directory/src/ctags
    $ cp Makefile.unix Makefile
    $ make
    # cp ctags /usr/local/bin/ctags-exuberant
    $ export GTAGSLABEL=ctags-exuberant     # see gtags.conf
    $ gtags
    $ ls G*
    GPATH   GTAGS

`GRTAGS' and `GSYMS' don't exist, simply because these parsers don't support the `-r' option and `-s' option like gtags-parser(1) does.

4.2.2 Requirement of plug-in parser.

Plug-in parser must print tag information to standard output in the same style as ctags -x, ie.: 


    [1]    [2] [3]          [4]
    ----------------------------------------------------------------
    main    20 ./main.c     main(argc, argv)        /* xxx */
    
    [1] tag name
    [2] line number the tag appeared
    [3] path name. It must be equal to argument path name.
    [4] line image

Plug-in parser must process the files in the order they are given in the argument. In each file, any order is acceptable.

4.3 Incremental updating.

Modifying some source files, you need not remake whole tag files. Instead, you can use incremental updating facility (`-u' option). 


    $ gtags
    $ cd kern
    $ vi tty.c                              # modify tty.c
    ...
    :wq
    $ global -vu                            # -v means verbose
    [Sun Dec  6 16:27:47 JST 1998] Gtags started
     Tag found in '/usr/src/sys'.
     Incremental update.
    [Sun Dec  6 16:28:48 JST 1998] Updating 'GTAGS'.
     [1/1] deleting tags of kern/tty.c
     [1/1] adding tags of kern/tty.c
    [Sun Dec  6 16:28:59 JST 1998] Updating 'GRTAGS'.
     [1/1] deleting tags of kern/tty.c
     [1/1] adding tags of kern/tty.c
    [Sun Dec  6 16:28:14 JST 1998] Updating 'GSYMS'.
     [1/1] deleting tags of kern/tty.c
     [1/1] adding tags of kern/tty.c
     Global databases have been modified.
    [Sun Dec  6 16:28:30 JST 1998] Done.
    $ global -vu                            # try again
    [Sun Dec  6 16:28:48 JST 1998] Gtags started
     Tag found in '/usr/src/sys'.
     Incremental update.
     Global databases are up to date.       # do nothing
    [Sun Dec  6 16:28:52 JST 1998] Done.

5. Command References

5.1 global - print the locations of specified object.

NAME

global - print the locations of specified object.

SYNOPSIS

global [-aGilnqrstTvx][-e] pattern
global -c[qsv] prefix
global -f[anqrstvx] files
global -g[aGilnoqtvx][-e] pattern
global -I[ailnqtvx][-e] pattern
global -p[qrv]
global -P[aGilnoqtvx][-e] pattern
global -u[qv]

DESCRIPTION

Global find the locations of specified object in C, C++, Yacc, Java, PHP and Assembly source files. Global can treat a source tree, that is, a directory that has subdirectories and source files. You can get the relative path of objects from anywhere within the tree. Global can locate not only function definitions but also function references and other symbols. Duplicate entries are allowed.

In advance of using this command, you must execute gtags(1) at the root directory of the source tree to make tag files. Then you can execute at anywhere in the source tree.

COMMANDS

The following commands are available:

pattern
Print object which match to the pattern. Extended regular expressions which are the same as those accepted by egrep(1) are available.
`-c', `--completion' [prefix]
Print candidate function names which start with specified prefix. Prefix is not specified, print all function names.
`-f', `--file' files
Print all function definitions in the files. This option implies -x option.
`-g', `--grep'
Print all lines which match to the pattern.
`-I', `--idutils'
Print all lines which match to the pattern. This function use id-utils(1) as a search engine. To use this command, you need to install id-utils(1) in your system and you must execute gtags(1) with `-I' option.
`-p', `--print-dbpath'
Print the location of `GTAGS'.
`-P', `--path' [pattern]
Print the path which match to the pattern. If no pattern specified, print all.
`-u', `--update'
Locate tag files and update them incrementally.
`--version'
Show version number.
`--help'
Show help.

OPTIONS

The following options are available:

`-a', `--absolute'
Print absolute path name. By default, print relative path name.
`-e', `--regexp' pattern
Use pattern as the pattern; useful to protect patterns beginning with -.
`-G', `--basic-regexp'
Interpret pattern as a basic regular expression. The default is extended regular expression. This option is valid for the `-g' and `-P' command.
`-i', `--ignore-case'
ignore case distinctions in pattern.
`-l', `--local'
Print just objects which exist under the current directory.
`-n', `--nofilter'
Suppress sort filter and path conversion filter.
`-o', `--other'
Search pattern in not only source files but also other files like `README'. This option is valid only with `-g' or `-P' command.
`-q', `--quiet'
Quiet mode.
`-r', `--reference', `--rootdir'
Print the locations of object references. By default, print object definitions. With the `-p' option, print the root directory of source tree.
`--result' format
format may be 'path', `ctags', `ctags-x', `grep' or 'cscope'. The `--result=ctags' and `--result=ctags-x' are equivalent to the `-t' and `-x' respectively. The `-t' and `-x' are given to priority more than the `--result' option.
`-s', `--symbol'
Print the locations of specified symbol other than function names. You need `GSYMS' tags file. See gtags(1).
`-t', `--tags'
Print with standard ctags format.
`-T', `--through'
Go through all the tag files listed in GTAGSLIBPATH. By default, stop searching when tag is found. This option is ignored when either `-s', `-r' or `-l' option is specified.
`-v', `--verbose'
Verbose mode.
`-x', `--cxref'
In addition to the default output, produce the line number and the line contents.

EXAMPLES

	$ ls -F
	Makefile      src/    lib/
	$ gtags
	$ global main
	src/main.c
	$ global -x main
	main              10 src/main.c  main (argc, argv) {
	$ global -x '^[sg]et'
	set_num           20 lib/util.c  set_num(values)
	get_num           30 lib/util.c  get_num() {
	$ global -rx '^[sg]et'
	set_num          113 src/op.c            set_num(32);
	set_num          225 src/opop.c               if (set_num(0) > 0) {
	get_num           90 src/op.c            while (get_num() > 0) {
	$ cd lib
	$ global -rx '^[sg]et'
	set_num          113 ../src/op.c            set_num(32);
	set_num          225 ../src/opop.c               if (set_num(0) > 0) {
	get_num           90 ../src/op.c            while (get_num() > 0) {
	$ global strlen
	$ (cd /usr/src/sys; gtags)
	$ export GTAGSLIBPATH=/usr/src/sys
	$ global strlen
	../../../usr/src/sys/libkern/strlen.c
	$ (cd /usr/src/lib; gtags)
	$ GTAGSLIBPATH=/usr/src/lib:/usr/src/sys
	$ global strlen
	../../../usr/src/lib/libc/string/strlen.c

FILES

`GTAGS'
Tag file for function definitions.
`GRTAGS'
Tag file for function references.
`GSYMS'
Tag file for other symbols.
`GPATH'
Tag file for path of source files.
`GTAGSROOT'
If environment variable GTAGSROOT is not set and `GTAGSROOT' exist in the same directory with `GTAGS' then use the value as GTAGSROOT.
`/etc/gtags.conf', `$HOME/.globalrc'
Configuration file.

ENVIRONMENT

The following environment variables affect the execution of global:

GTAGSROOT
The directory which is the root of source tree.
GTAGSDBPATH
The directory on which gtags database exist. This value is ignored when GTAGSROOT is not defined.
GTAGSLIBPATH
If this variable is set, it is used as the path to search for library functions. If the specified function is not found in a source tree, global also search in these paths.
GTAGSLABEL
If this variable is set, its value is used as the label of configuration file. The default is default.

CONFIGURATION

The following configuration variables affect the execution of global:

icase_path(boolean)
Ignore case distinctions in the pattern.

DIAGNOSTICS

Global exits with a non 0 value if an error occurred, 0 otherwise.

SEE ALSO

gtags-parser(1), gtags(1), htags(1), less(1).

GNU GLOBAL source code tag system
(http://www.gnu.org/software/global/).

AUTHOR

Tama Communications Corporation.

HISTORY

The global command appeared in FreeBSD 2.2.2.

5.2 gtags - create tag files for global.

NAME

gtags - create tag files for global.

SYNOPSIS

gtags [-iIqvw][-f file][-n number][dbpath]

DESCRIPTION

Gtags recursively collect the source files under the current directory, pickup symbols and write the cross-reference data into tag files (`GTAGS', `GRTAGS', `GSYMS' and `GPATH'). You should execute this command at the root of the source tree.

C, C++, yacc, java, PHP and Assembly source files are supported. Files whose names end in `.c' or `.h' are assumed to be C source files and are searched for C style routine and macro definitions. Files whose names end in `.c++' `.cc' `.cpp' `.cxx' `.hxx' `.hpp' `.C' `.H' are assumed to be C++ source files. Files whose names end in `.y' are assumed to be YACC source files. Files whose names end in `.java' are assumed to be Java source files. Files whose names end in `.php' `.php3' `.phtml' are assumed to be PHP source files. Files whose names end in `.s' or `.S' are assumed to be Assembler source files. Other files are searched for C style definitions.

OPTIONS

The following options are available:

`--config' name
Show the value of config variable name. If name is not specified then show whole of config entry.
`-f', `--file' file
Read from file a list of file names which should be considered as the candidate of source files. By default, all files under the current directory are considered as the candidate. If file is `-', read from standard input. File names must be separated by newline.
`--gtagsconf' file
Load user's configuration from file.
`--gtagslabel' label
label is used as the label of configuration file. The default is default.
`-i', `--incremental'
Update tag files incrementally. You had better use global(1) with the -u option.
`-I', `--idutils'
Make index files for id-utils(1).
`-n', `--max-args' number
Maximum number of arguments for gtags-parser(1). By default, gtags invokes the parser with arguments as a lot as possible to decrease the frequency of invoking.
`-q', `--quiet'
Quiet mode.
`-v', `--verbose'
Verbose mode.
`-w', `--warning'
Print warning messages.
dbpath
The directory in which tag files are generated. The default is the current directory. It is useful when your source directory is on a read only device like CDROM.

EXAMPLES

	$ ls -F
	Makefile      src/    lib/
	$ gtags -v
	$ global -x main
	main              10 src/main.c  main (argc, argv) {

FILES

`GTAGS'
Tag file for function definitions.
`GRTAGS'
Tag file for function references.
`GSYMS'
Tag file for other symbols.
`GPATH'
Tag file for path of source files.
`/etc/gtags.conf', `$HOME/.globalrc'
Configuration file.

ENVIRONMENT

The following environment variables affect the execution of gtags:

GTAGSCONF
If this variable is set, its value is used as the configuration file. The default is `$HOME/.globalrc'.
GTAGSLABEL
If this variable is set, its value is used as the label of configuration file. The default is default.
GTAGSCACHE
If this variable is set, its value is used as the size of btree cache. The default is 500000 (bytes).

CONFIGURATION

The following configuration variables affect the execution of gtags. You can see the default value for each variable with the `--config' option.

GTAGS(string)
If this variable is set, its value is used as the command line of parser for GTAGS. The default is `gtags-parser -dt %s'.
GRTAGS(string)
If this variable is set, its value is used as the command line of parser for GRTAGS. The default is `gtags-parser -dtr %s'.
GSYMS(string)
If this variable is set, its value is used as the command line of parser for GSYMS. The default is `gtags-parser -dts %s'.
skip(comma separated list)
Gtags skips files which listed in this list. As a special exception, gtags collect values from multiple skip variables. If the value ends with '/', it assumed as a directory and gtags skips all files under it. If the value start with '/', it assumed relative path from the root of source directory.
suffixes(comma separated list)
Suffixes of target source file. As a special exception, gtags collect values from multiple suffixes variables. This variable is obsoleted. If the langmap variable is defined gtags no longer refers this.
icase_path(boolean)
Ignore case distinctions in the path. Suffixes check are affected by this capability.
langmap(comma separated list)
Language mapping. Each comma-separated map consists of the language name, a colon, and a list of file extensions. Default mapping is 'c:.c.h,yacc:.y,asm:.s.S,java:.java,cpp:.c++.cc.cpp.cxx.hxx.hpp.C.H,php:.php.php3.phtml'.

DIAGNOSTICS

Gtags exits with a non 0 value if an error occurred, 0 otherwise.

MESSAGE FORMAT

Verbose message has important level. The most important level is 0, the second is 1 and so on. All the message has level numbers leading blanks.

SEE ALSO

gtags-parser(1), global(1), htags(1).

GNU GLOBAL source code tag system
(http://www.gnu.org/software/global/).

BUG

`GTAGS', `GRTAGS' and `GSYMS' are very large. In advance of using this command, check the space of your disk.

Assembler support is far from complete. It extracts only ENTRY() and ALTENTRY() from source file. Probably valid only for FreeBSD and Linux kernel source.

There is no concurrency control about tag files.

Symbols in Assembly source files are not extracted for `GSYMS'.

AUTHOR

Tama Communications Corporation.

HISTORY

The gtags command appeared in FreeBSD 2.2.2.

5.3 htags - generate hypertext from source code.

NAME

htags - generate hypertext from source code.

SYNOPSIS

htags [-acDfFghInosTvwx][-d dbpath][-m name][-S cgidir][-t title][dir]

DESCRIPTION

Htags makes hypertext of C, C++, Yacc, Java, PHP and Assembly source code.

In advance of using this command, you must execute gtags(1) from the root directory of the source tree. Then you can execute htags from the same place. Htags makes an directory named `HTML' and generates hypertext in it. You can start browsing from `HTML/index.html'.

Since htags generates static hypertext as long as the `-D' or `-f' option is not specified, you can move it anywhere and browse it with any browser without web server.

You must use same parser for both gtags(1) and htags. If you use the default parser, it is not necessary to consider for it.

OPTIONS

The following options are available:

`-a', `--alphabet'
Make an alphabetical function index which is suitable for a large project.
`--caution'
Include caution message to prohibit downloading.
`-c', `--compact'
Compress html files by gzip(1). You need to set up a web server so that gzip(1) is invoked for each compressed file. See `HTML/.htaccess' that is generated by htags.
`--cvsweb' url
Include cvsweb URL. url is used as base of URL.
`--cvsweb-cvsroot' cvsroot
Specifies cvsroot in cvsweb URL.
`-D', `--dynamic'
Generate object lists dynamically using CGI program. By default, object lists are generated statically. Though this option decrease both the size and the generation time of the hypertext, you need to set up a web server, and you cannot move the hypertext from the source directroy.
`-d', `--dbpath' dbpath
Specifies the directory in which `GTAGS' and `GRTAGS' exist. The default is the current directory.
`-f', `--form'
Support search form using CGI program. You need to set up a web server, and you cannot move the hypertext from the source directroy.
`-F', `--frame'
Use frame for each part of the contents.
`-g', `--gtags'
Execute gtags(1) before creating hypertext. The `-v', `-w' and dbpath are passed to gtags.
`-h', `--func-header'
Insert function header for each function. By default, htags doesn't generates it.
`-I', `--icon'
Use icons instead of text for some links.
`--gtagsconf' file
Load user's configuration from file.
`--gtagslabel' label
label is used for the label of configuration file. The default is default.
`--insert-header' file
Insert custom header derived from file after <body> tag.
`--insert-footer' file
Insert custom footer derived from file before </body> tag.
`-m', `--main-func' name
Specify the main function name. The default is main.
`-n', `--line-number'
Print line numbers. By default, doesn't print them.
`--no-map-file'
Doesn't generate `MAP' and `FILEMAP' file. By default, htags generates them.
`-o', `--other'
Pick up not only source files but also other files except for binary files.
`--statistics'
Print statistics information.
`-s', `--symbol'
Make anchors not only for functions but also other symbols. `GSYMS' tag file needed.
`-S', `--secure-cgi' cgidir
Write CGI programs into the cgidir to realize a centralised CGI program. Script alias is `/cgi-bin' by default. You can overwrite this value using config variable script_alias in `gtags.conf'.
`-t', `--title' title
The title of this hypertext. The default is the last component of the current directory.
`-T', `--table-flist' [fields]
Generate file list using <table> tag. The fields is used for field number in a line. The default is 5.
`-v', `--verbose'
Verbose mode.
`-w', `--warning'
Print warning messages.
`-x', `--xhtml'
Generate XHTML hypertext instead of HTML. If the `--frame' option is specified then generate XHTML-1.0 Frameset for index.html and generate XHTML-1.0 Transitional for other files, else if config variable xhtml_version is set to 1.1 then generate XHTML-1.1 else XHTML 1.0 Transitional.
dir
The directory in which hypertext is generated. The default is the current directory.

EXAMPLES

	$ gtags -v
	$ htags -sanohITvt 'Welcom to XXX source tour!'
	$ firefox HTML/index.html

FILES

`GTAGS'
Tag file for function definitions.
`GRTAGS'
Tag file for function references.
`GSYMS'
Tag file for other symbols.
`GPATH'
Tag file for path of source files.
`/etc/gtags.conf', `$HOME/.globalrc'
Configuration file.
`HTML/index.html'
Index file for hypertext.
`HTML/MAP'
Mapping file for converting tag into path of hypertext. External system utilize this file.
`HTML/FILEMAP'
Mapping file for converting file name into path of hypertext. External system utilize this file.
`HTML/style.css'
Style sheet file. This file is generated when the `--xhtml' option is specified.

ENVIRONMENT

The following environment variables affect the execution of htags:

TMPDIR
If this variable is set, its value is used as the directory to make temporary files. The default is `/tmp'.
GTAGSCONF
If this variable is set, its value is used as the configuration file. The default is `$HOME/.globalrc'.
GTAGSLABEL
If this variable is set, its value is used as the label of configuration file. The default is default.
GTAGSCACHE
If this variable is set, its value is used as the size of btree cache. The default is 500000 (bytes).

CONFIGURATION

The following configuration variables affect the execution of htags: If the `--xhtml' option is specified then all definitions of HTML tag are ignored. Instead, you can customize the appearance using style sheet file (`style.css').

datadir(string)
Shared data directory. The default is '/usr/local/share' but you can change the value using configure script. Htags lookup templete files in the 'gtags' directory in this data directory.
htags_options(string)
Default options for htags. This value is inserted into the head of arguments.
xhtml_version(1.0|1.1)
XHTML version. 1.0 and 1.1 are acceptable. The default is 1.0.
body_begin(string)
Begin tag for body. The default is '<body text=#191970 bgcolor=#f5f5dc vlink=gray>'.
body_end(string)
End tag for body. The default is '</body>'.
table_begin(string)
Begin tag for table. The default is '<table>'.
table_end(string)
End tag for table. The default is '</table>'.
title_begin(string)
Begin tag for Title. The default is '<h1><font color=#cc0000>'.
title_end(string)
End tag for Title. The default is '</font></h1>'.
comment_begin(string)
Begin tag for comments. The default is '<i><font color=green>'.
comment_end(string)
End tag for comments. The default is '</font></i>'.
dynamic(bool)
Generate object list dynamically.
sharp_begin(string)
Begin tag for 'define'. The default is '<font color=darkred>'.
sharp_end(string)
End tag for 'define'. The default is '</font>'.
brace_begin(string)
Begin tag for brace. The default is '<font color=red>'.
brace_end(string)
End tag for brace. The default is '</font>'.
reserved_begin(string)
Begin tag for reserved word. The default is '<b>'.
reserved_end(string)
End tag for reserved word. The default is '</b>'.
position_begin(string)
Begin tag for posiotion mark. The default is '<font color=gray>'.
position_end(string)
End tag for posiotion mark. The default is '</font>'.
colorize_warned_line(boolean)
Colorize warned line using warned_line_begin and warned_line_end. The default is false.
warned_line_begin(string)
Begin tag for line which htags warned. The default is '<span style="background-color:yellow">'.
warned_line_end(string)
End tag for line which htags warned. The default is '</span>'.
hr(string)
Horizontal rules. The default is '<hr>'.
ncol(number)
Columns of line number. The default is 4.
tabs(number)
Tab stop. The default is 8.
flist_fields(number)
Field number of file index. The default is 5.
full_path(boolean)
List file names with full path in file index. By default, list just the last component of a path.
table_list(boolean)
List tags using <table> tag. The default is false.
table_flist(boolean)
Use <table> tag for file index. The default is false.
normal_suffix(string)
Suffix for normal html file. The default is 'html'.
no_map_file(boolean)
Doesn't generate `MAP' file. The default is false.
gzipped_suffix(string)
Suffix for compressed html file. The default is 'ghtml'.
script_alias(string)
Script alias for safe cgi script (`-S').
show_position(boolean)
Show position per function definition. The default is false.
definition_header(no|before|right|after)
Position of function header. The default is 'no'.
other_files(boolean)
File index includes not only source files but also other files. The default is false.
disable_grep(boolean)
Disable grep in search form(-f,--form). The default is false.
enable_idutils(boolean)
Enable id-utils in search form(-f,--form). The default is false.
include_file_suffixes(comma separated list)
Suffixes of include file. The default is 'h,hxx,hpp,H,inc.php'.
langmap(comma separated list)
Language mapping. Each comma-separated map consists of the language name, a colon, and a list of file extensions. Default mapping is 'c:.c.h,yacc:.y,asm:.s.S,java:.java,cpp:.c++.cc.cpp.cxx.hxx.hpp.C.H,php:.php.php3.phtml'.
copy_files(boolean)
Copy files instead of linking. When the `-f' option is used, htags make links of tag files in `cgi-bin' directory by default.

DIAGNOSTICS

Htags exits with a non 0 value if an error occurred, 0 otherwise.

MESSAGE FORMAT

Verbose message has important level. The most important level is 0, the second it 1 and so on. All the message has level numbers leading blanks.

SEE ALSO

gtags-parser(1), global(1), gtags(1).

GNU GLOBAL source code tag system
(http://www.gnu.org/software/global/).

BUG

Generated hypertext is VERY LARGE. In advance, check the space of your disk.

PHP supprt is far from complete.

AUTHOR

Tama Communications Corporation.

HISTORY

The htags command appeared in FreeBSD 2.2.2.

5.4 gtags-parser - print cross reference list for gtags.

NAME

gtags-parser - print cross reference list for gtags.

SYNOPSIS

gtags-parser [-bdenrstvw] file ...

DESCRIPTION

Gtags-parser print cross reference list for gtags(1) from the specified C, C++, yacc, java, PHP and Assembly source to standard output. Each line of output contains the object name, the line number which it appears, the file in which it is defined, and a line image separated by white-space. It's same with the output of ctags(1) with `-x' option.

Depending upon the options provided to gtags-parser, objects will consist of function definitions, function references and other symbols.

Files whose names end in `.c' or `.h' are assumed to be C source files and are searched for C style routine and macro definitions. Files whose names end in `.c++' `.cc' `.cpp' `.cxx' `.hxx' `.hpp' `.C' `.H' are assumed to be C++ source files. Files whose names end in `.y' are assumed to be YACC source files. Files whose names end in `.java' are assumed to be Java source files. Files whose names end in `.php' `.php3' `.phtml' are assumed to be PHP source files. Files whose names end in `.s' or `.S' are assumed to be Assembler source files. Other files are searched for C style definitions.

Yacc files each have a special tag. yyparse is the start of the second section of the yacc file.

This command is the default parser of GLOBAL source code tag system.

OPTIONS

The following options are available:

`-b', `--begin-block'
Force level 1 block to begin when reach a left brace at the first column. (C only)
`-d', `--define'
Pick up not only function but also macro without argument as a definition.
`-e', `--end-block'
Force level 1 block to end when reach a right brace at the first column. (C only)
`-n', `--no-tags'
Suppress output of tags. It is useful to use with `-w' option.
`-r', `--reference'
Locate function references instead of function definitions. `GTAGS' is needed at the current directory. (C, C++ and Java source only) By default, locate function definitions.
`-s', `--symbol'
Collect symbols other than functions. By default, locate function definitions.
`-t', `--typedef'
Pick up not only function but also typedef name and enum member as a definition.
`-v', `--verbose'
Verbose mode.
`-w', `--warning'
Print warning message.
`--langmap'=map
Language mapping. Each comma-separated map consists of the language name, a colon, and a list of file extensions. Default mapping is 'c:.c.h,yacc:.y,asm:.s.S,java:.java,cpp:.c++.cc.cpp.cxx.hxx.hpp.C.H,php:.php.php3.phtml'.

The `-r' and `-s' options override each other; the last one specified determines the method used.

DIAGNOSTICS

Gtags-parser exits with a non 0 value if an error occurred, 0 otherwise. Duplicate objects are not considered errors.

SEE ALSO

global(1), gtags(1), htags(1).

GNU GLOBAL source code tag system
(http://www.gnu.org/software/global/).

BUG

Gtags-parser relies on the input being well formed, and any syntactical errors will completely confuse it.

Assembler support is far from complete. Probably valid only for FreeBSD and Linux kernel source.

AUTHOR

Tama Communications Corporation.

HISTORY

The gtags-parser(gctags) command appeared in FreeBSD 2.2.2.

5.5 gozilla - force mozilla to display specified source file.

NAME

gozilla - force mozilla to display specified source file.

SYNOPSIS

gozilla [-b browser][-p][+no] file
gozilla [-b browser][-p] -d name

DESCRIPTION

Gozilla force mozilla to display specified source file as a hypertext. Gozilla can be used with other browsers like firefox and epiphany.

In advance of using this command, you must execute gtags(1) and htags(1) at the root directory of the source tree to make tag files. Then you can execute gozilla at anywhere in the source tree.

First form:
You can specify source file and the line number optionally.

Second form:
You can specify definition name directly. Definition name must exist in `GTAGS' tag file.

Some browsers require you to load it before executing gozilla. Whether or not gozilla waits for exiting of browser depends on browser.

OPTIONS

The following options are available:

`+no'
line number. It must be a line on which function definition or function reference is exist. If you execute htags(1) with `-l' option, you can specify any line.
`-b' browser
browser to use. By default, it is assumed mozilla.
`-p'
just print generated target URL.
file
path of source file or alias name.
`-d' name
print function.
`-q', `--quiet'
Quiet mode.
`-v', `--verbose'
Verbose mode.
`--version'
Show version number.
`--help'
Show help.

FILES

`HTML/'
hypertext of source tree.
`GTAGS/'
tags file for function definitions.
`$HOME/.gozillarc'
alias file. Please read source code for the detail.

ENVIRONMENT

GTAGSROOT
The directory which is the root of source tree.
GTAGSDBPATH
The directory on which gtags database exist. This value is ignored when GTAGSROOT is not defined.
BROWSER
browser to use. By default, it is assumed mozilla.

EXAMPLES

	$ gtags
	$ htags
	$ global -x main
	main              82 ctags.c          main(argc, argv)
	$ mozilla &
	$ gozilla +82 ctags.c

	$ firefox &
	$ gozilla -b firefox +82 ctags.c

	$ setenv BROWSER 'epiphany --new-tab'
	$ epiphany &
	$ gozilla +82 ctags.c

DIAGNOSTICS

Gozilla exits with a non 0 value if an error occurred, 0 otherwise.

SEE ALSO

global(1), gtags(1), htags(1), firefox(1), epiphany(1), mozilla(1).

GNU GLOBAL source code tag system
(http://www.gnu.org/software/global/).

NOTES

Gozilla means 'Global for mozilla'.

BUGS

Gozilla can treat not only source file but also normal file, directory, HTML file and even URL, because it is omnivorous.

AUTHORS

Tama Communications Corporation.

HISTORY

The gozilla command appeared in FreeBSD 2.2.2 but did not installed by default.

5.6 gtags-cscope - pseudo cscope which implements the line-oriented interface

NAME

gtags-cscope - pseudo cscope which implements the line-oriented interface

SYNOPSIS

gtags-cscope [-Cqv]

DESCRIPTION

Gtags-cscope is a pseudo cscope which implements the line-oriented interface. You can use this command for various clients instead of true cscope.

Since gtags-cscope is intended to make GLOBAL available through cscope interface, the output is not necessarily the same as cscope.

OPTIONS

The following options are available:

`-C', `--ignore-case'
Ignore letter case when searching.
`-q', `--quiet'
Quiet mode.
`-v', `--verbose'
Verbose mode.

EXAMPLES

	$ gtags-cscope
	>> help
	0<arg>: Find this C symbol
	1<arg>: Find this definition
	2<arg>: Find functions called by this function
		(Not implemented yet.)
	3<arg>: Find functions calling this function
	4<arg>: Find this text string
	6<arg>: Find this egrep pattern
	7<arg>: Find this file
	8<arg>: Find files #including this file
	c: Toggle ignore/use letter case
	r: Rebuild the database
	q: Quit the session
	h: Show help
	>> 1main
	cscope: 9 lines
	global/global.c main 158 main(int argc, char **argv)
	gozilla/gozilla.c main 155 main(int argc, char **argv)
	gtags-parser/gctags.c main 158 main(int argc, char **argv)
	gtags-cscope/gtags-cscope.c main 115 main(int argc, char **argv)
	gtags/gtags.c main 150 main(int argc, char **argv)
	htags-refkit/htags_path2url.c main 281 main(int argc, char **argv)
	htags/htags.c main 1400 main(int argc, char **argv)
	libglibc/getopt.c main 704 main (argc, argv)
	libglibc/getopt1.c main 93 main (argc, argv)
	>> q
	$ _

DIAGNOSTICS

Gtags-cscope exits with a non 0 value if an error occurred, 0 otherwise.

SEE ALSO

cscope(1), gtags-parser(1), gtags(1), global(1), htags(1).

GNU GLOBAL source code tag system
(http://www.gnu.org/software/global/).

BUG

The second field of the output is almost <unknown> since GLOBAL doesn't recognize it. Command 2 (Find functions called by this function) is not implemented.

AUTHOR

Tama Communications Corporation.

HISTORY

The gtags-cscope command appeared in 2006.

A. Copying This Manual

A.1 GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.2, November 2002 
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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    15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
    If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
  6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
  7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
  8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
  9. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
  10. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
  11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: 

  Copyright (C)  year  your name.
  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
  Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
  Free Documentation License''.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: 

    with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
    the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
    being list.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

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  • FDL, GNU Free Documentation License

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