Stow

This manual describes GNU Stow 1.3.3, a program for managing the installation of software packages.

1. Introduction		Description of Stow.
2. Terminology		Terms used by this manual.
3. Invoking Stow		Option summary.
4. Installing packages		Using Stow to install.
5. Deleting packages		Using Stow to uninstall.
6. Caveats		Pitfalls and difficulties to beware.
7. Bootstrapping		When stow and perl are not yet stowed.
8. Reporting bugs		How, what, where, and when to report.
9. Known bugs		Don't report any of these.
GNU General Public License		Copying terms.
Index		Index of concepts.

 -- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Caveats

6.1 Compile-time and install-time		Faking out `make install'.
6.2 Multiple stow directories		Further segregating software.
6.3 Conflicts		When Stow can't stow.

Compile-time and install-time

6.1.1 GNU Emacs
6.1.2 Other FSF software
6.1.3 Cygnus software
6.1.4 Perl and Perl 5 modules

1. Introduction

Stow is a tool for managing the installation of multiple software packages in the same run-time directory tree. One historical difficulty of this task has been the need to administer, upgrade, install, and remove files in independent packages without confusing them with other files sharing the same filesystem space. For instance, it is common to install Perl and Emacs in `/usr/local'. When one does so, one winds up with the following files(1) in `/usr/local/man/man1': `a2p.1'; `ctags.1'; `emacs.1'; `etags.1'; `h2ph.1'; `perl.1'; and `s2p.1'. Now suppose it's time to uninstall Perl. Which man pages get removed? Obviously `perl.1' is one of them, but it should not be the administrator's responsibility to memorize the ownership of individual files by separate packages.

The approach used by Stow is to install each package into its own tree, then use symbolic links to make it appear as though the files are installed in the common tree. Administration can be performed in the package's private tree in isolation from clutter from other packages. Stow can then be used to update the symbolic links. The structure of each private tree should reflect the desired structure in the common tree; i.e. (in the typical case) there should be a `bin' directory containing executables, a `man/man1' directory containing section 1 man pages, and so on.

Stow was inspired by Carnegie Mellon's Depot program, but is substantially simpler and safer. Whereas Depot required database files to keep things in sync, Stow stores no extra state between runs, so there's no danger (as there was in Depot) of mangling directories when file hierarchies don't match the database. Also unlike Depot, Stow will never delete any files, directories, or links that appear in a Stow directory (e.g., `/usr/local/stow/emacs'), so it's always possible to rebuild the target tree (e.g., `/usr/local').

For information about the latest version of Stow, you can refer to http://www.gnu.org/software/stow/.

2. Terminology

A package is a related collection of files and directories that you wish to administer as a unit--e.g., Perl or Emacs--and that needs to be installed in a particular directory structure--e.g., with `bin', `lib', and `man' subdirectories.

A target directory is the root of a tree in which one or more packages wish to appear to be installed. A common, but by no means the only such location is `/usr/local'. The examples in this manual will use `/usr/local' as the target directory.

A stow directory is the root of a tree containing separate packages in private subtrees. When Stow runs, it uses the current directory as the default stow directory. The examples in this manual will use `/usr/local/stow' as the stow directory, so that individual packages will be, for example, `/usr/local/stow/perl' and `/usr/local/stow/emacs'.

An installation image is the layout of files and directories required by a package, relative to the target directory. Thus, the installation image for Perl includes: a `bin' directory containing `perl' and `a2p' (among others); an `info' directory containing Texinfo documentation; a `lib/perl' directory containing Perl libraries; and a `man/man1' directory containing man pages.

A package directory is the root of a tree containing the installation image for a particular package. Each package directory must reside in a stow directory--e.g., the package directory `/usr/local/stow/perl' must reside in the stow directory `/usr/local/stow'. The name of a package is the name of its directory within the stow directory--e.g., `perl'.

Thus, the Perl executable might reside in `/usr/local/stow/perl/bin/perl', where `/usr/local' is the target directory, `/usr/local/stow' is the stow directory, `/usr/local/stow/perl' is the package directory, and `bin/perl' within is part of the installation image.

A symlink is a symbolic link. A symlink can be relative or absolute. An absolute symlink names a full path; that is, one starting from `/'. A relative symlink names a relative path; that is, one not starting from `/'. The target of a relative symlink is computed starting from the symlink's own directory. Stow only creates relative symlinks.

3. Invoking Stow

The syntax of the stow command is:

stow [options] package ...

The stow directory is assumed to be the current directory, and the target directory is assumed to be the parent of the current directory (so it is typical to execute stow from the directory `/usr/local/stow'). Each package is the name of a package in the stow directory (e.g., `perl'). By default, they are installed into the target directory (but they can be deleted instead using `-D').

The options are:

`-n'

`--no'

Do not perform any operations that modify the filesystem; merely show what would happen. Since no actual operations are performed, `stow -n' could report conflicts when none would actually take place (see section 6.3 Conflicts); but it won't fail to report conflicts that would take place.

`-c'

`--conflicts'

Do not exit immediately when a conflict is encountered. This option implies `-n', and is used to search for all conflicts that might arise from an actual Stow operation. As with `-n', however, false conflicts might be reported (see section 6.3 Conflicts).

`-d dir'

`--dir=dir'

Set the stow directory to dir instead of the current directory. This also has the effect of making the default target directory be the parent of dir.

`-t dir'

`--target=dir'

Set the target directory to dir instead of the parent of the stow directory.

`-v'

`--verbose[=n]'

Send verbose output to standard error describing what Stow is doing. Verbosity levels are 0, 1, 2, and 3; 0 is the default. Using `-v' or `--verbose' increases the verbosity by one; using `--verbose=n' sets it to n.

`-D'

`--delete'

Delete packages from the target directory rather than installing them.

`-R'

`--restow'

Restow packages (first unstow, then stow again). This is useful for pruning obsolete symlinks from the target tree after updating the software in a package.

`-V'

`--version'

Show Stow version number, and exit.

`-h'

`--help'

Show Stow command syntax, and exit.

4. Installing packages

The default action of Stow is to install a package. This means creating symlinks in the target tree that point into the package tree. Stow attempts to do this with as few symlinks as possible; in other words, if Stow can create a single symlink that points to an entire subtree within the package tree, it will choose to do that rather than create a directory in the target tree and populate it with symlinks.

For example, suppose that no packages have yet been installed in `/usr/local'; it's completely empty (except for the `stow' subdirectory, of course). Now suppose the Perl package is installed. Recall that it includes the following directories in its installation image: `bin'; `info'; `lib/perl'; `man/man1'. Rather than creating the directory `/usr/local/bin' and populating it with symlinks to `../stow/perl/bin/perl' and `../stow/perl/bin/a2p' (and so on), Stow will create a single symlink, `/usr/local/bin', which points to `stow/perl/bin'. In this way, it still works to refer to `/usr/local/bin/perl' and `/usr/local/bin/a2p', and fewer symlinks have been created. This is called tree folding, since an entire subtree is "folded" into a single symlink.

To complete this example, Stow will also create the symlink `/usr/local/info' pointing to `stow/perl/info'; the symlink `/usr/local/lib' pointing to `stow/perl/lib'; and the symlink `/usr/local/man' pointing to `stow/perl/man'.

Now suppose that instead of installing the Perl package into an empty target tree, the target tree is not empty to begin with. Instead, it contains several files and directories installed under a different system-administration philosophy. In particular, `/usr/local/bin' already exists and is a directory, as are `/usr/local/lib' and `/usr/local/man/man1'. In this case, Stow will descend into `/usr/local/bin' and create symlinks to `../stow/perl/bin/perl' and `../stow/perl/bin/a2p' (etc.), and it will descend into `/usr/local/lib' and create the tree-folding symlink `perl' pointing to `../stow/perl/lib/perl', and so on. As a rule, Stow only descends as far as necessary into the target tree when it can create a tree-folding symlink.

The time often comes when a tree-folding symlink has to be undone because another package uses one or more of the folded subdirectories in its installation image. This operation is called splitting open a folded tree. It involves removing the original symlink from the target tree, creating a true directory in its place, and then populating the new directory with symlinks to the newly-installed package and to the old package that used the old symlink. For example, suppose that after installing Perl into an empty `/usr/local', we wish to install Emacs. Emacs's installation image includes a `bin' directory containing the `emacs' and `etags' executables, among others. Stow must make these files appear to be installed in `/usr/local/bin', but presently `/usr/local/bin' is a symlink to `stow/perl/bin'. Stow therefore takes the following steps: the symlink `/usr/local/bin' is deleted; the directory `/usr/local/bin' is created; links are made from `/usr/local/bin' to `../stow/emacs/bin/emacs' and `../stow/emacs/bin/etags'; and links are made from `/usr/local/bin' to `../stow/perl/bin/perl' and `../stow/perl/bin/a2p'.

When splitting open a folded tree, Stow makes sure that the symlink it is about to remove points inside a valid package in the current stow directory. Stow will never delete anything that it doesn't own. Stow owns everything living in the target tree that points into a package in the stow directory. Anything Stow owns, it can recompute if lost. Note that by this definition, Stow doesn't "own" anything in the stow directory or in any of the packages.

If Stow needs to create a directory or a symlink in the target tree and it cannot because that name is already in use and is not owned by Stow, then a conflict has arisen. See section 6.3 Conflicts.

5. Deleting packages

When the `-D' option is given, the action of Stow is to delete a package from the target tree. Note that Stow will not delete anything it doesn't "own". Deleting a package does not mean removing it from the stow directory or discarding the package tree.

To delete a package, Stow recursively scans the target tree, skipping over the stow directory (since that is usually a subdirectory of the target tree) and any other stow directories it encounters (see section 6.2 Multiple stow directories). Any symlink it finds that points into the package being deleted is removed. Any directory that contained only symlinks to the package being deleted is removed. Any directory that, after removing symlinks and empty subdirectories, contains only symlinks to a single other package, is considered to be a previously "folded" tree that was "split open." Stow will re-fold the tree by removing the symlinks to the surviving package, removing the directory, then linking the directory back to the surviving package.

6. Caveats

This chapter describes the common problems that arise with Stow.

6.1 Compile-time and install-time		Faking out `make install'.
6.2 Multiple stow directories		Further segregating software.
6.3 Conflicts		When Stow can't stow.

6.1 Compile-time and install-time

Software whose installation is managed with Stow needs to be installed in one place (the package directory, e.g. `/usr/local/stow/perl') but needs to appear to run in another place (the target tree, e.g., `/usr/local'). Why is this important? What's wrong with Perl, for instance, looking for its files in `/usr/local/stow/perl' instead of in `/usr/local'?

The answer is that there may be another package, e.g., `/usr/local/stow/perl-extras', stowed under `/usr/local'. If Perl is configured to find its files in `/usr/local/stow/perl', it will never find the extra files in the `perl-extras' package, even though they're intended to be found by Perl. On the other hand, if Perl looks for its files in `/usr/local', then it will find the intermingled Perl and `perl-extras' files.

This means that when you compile a package, you must tell it the location of the run-time, or target tree; but when you install it, you must place it in the stow tree.

Some software packages allow you to specify, at compile-time, separate locations for installation and for run-time. Perl is one such package; see 6.1.4 Perl and Perl 5 modules. Others allow you to compile the package, then give a different destination in the `make install' step without causing the binaries or other files to get rebuilt. Most GNU software falls into this category; Emacs is a notable exception. See 6.1.1 GNU Emacs, and 6.1.2 Other FSF software.

Still other software packages cannot abide the idea of separate installation and run-time locations at all. If you try to `make install prefix=/usr/local/stow/foo', then first the whole package will be recompiled to hardwire the `/usr/local/stow/foo' path. With these packages, it is best to compile normally, then run `make -n install', which should report all the steps needed to install the just-built software. Place this output into a file, edit the commands in the file to remove recompilation steps and to reflect the Stow-based installation location, and execute the edited file as a shell script in place of `make install'. Be sure to execute the script using the same shell that `make install' would have used.

(If you use GNU Make and a shell [such as GNU bash] that understands pushd and popd, you can do the following:

1. Replace all lines matching `make[n]: Entering directory `dir'' with pushd dir.
2. Replace all lines matching `make[n]: Leaving directory `dir'' with popd.
3. Delete all lines matching `make[n]: Nothing to be done for rule'.

Then find other lines in the output containing cd or make commands and rewrite or delete them. In particular, you should be able to delete sections of the script that resemble this:

for i in dir_1 dir_2 ...; do \ (cd $i; make args ...) \ done

Note, that's "should be able to," not "can." Be sure to modulate these guidelines with plenty of your own intelligence.)

The details of stowing some specific packages are described in the following sections.

6.1.1 GNU Emacs
6.1.2 Other FSF software
6.1.3 Cygnus software
6.1.4 Perl and Perl 5 modules

6.1.1 GNU Emacs

Although the Free Software Foundation has many enlightened practices regarding Makefiles and software installation (see see section 6.1.2 Other FSF software), Emacs, its flagship program, doesn't quite follow the rules. In particular, most GNU software allows you to write:

make make install prefix=/usr/local/stow/package

If you try this with Emacs, then the new value for prefix in the `make install' step will cause some files to get recompiled with the new value of prefix wired into them. In Emacs 19.23 and later,(2) the way to work around this problem is:

make make install-arch-dep install-arch-indep prefix=/usr/local/stow/emacs

In 19.22 and some prior versions of Emacs, the workaround was:

make make do-install prefix=/usr/local/stow/emacs

6.1.2 Other FSF software

The Free Software Foundation, the organization behind the GNU project, has been unifying the build procedure for its tools for some time. Thanks to its tools `autoconf' and `automake', most packages now respond well to these simple steps, with no other intervention necessary:

./configure options make make install prefix=/usr/local/stow/package

Hopefully, these tools can evolve to be aware of Stow-managed packages, such that providing an option to `configure' can allow `make' and `make install' steps to work correctly without needing to "fool" the build process.

6.1.3 Cygnus software

Cygnus is a commercial supplier and supporter of GNU software. It has also written several of its own packages, released under the terms of the GNU General Public License; and it has taken over the maintenance of other packages. Among the packages released by Cygnus are `gdb', `gnats', and `dejagnu'.

Cygnus packages have the peculiarity that each one unpacks into a directory tree with a generic top-level Makefile, which is set up to compile all of Cygnus' packages, any number of which may reside under the top-level directory. In other words, even if you're only building `gnats', the top-level Makefile will look for, and try to build, `gdb' and `dejagnu' subdirectories, among many others.

The result is that if you try `make -n install prefix=/usr/local/stow/package' at the top level of a Cygnus package, you'll get a bewildering amount of output. It will then be very difficult to visually scan the output to see whether the install will proceed correctly. Unfortunately, it's not always clear how to invoke an install from the subdirectory of interest.

In cases like this, the best approach is to run your `make install prefix=...', but be ready to interrupt it if you detect that it is recompiling files. Usually it will work just fine; otherwise, install manually.

6.1.4 Perl and Perl 5 modules

Perl 4.036 allows you to specify different locations for installation and for run-time. It is the only widely-used package in this author's experience that allows this, though hopefully more packages will adopt this model.

Unfortunately, the authors of Perl believed that only AFS sites need this ability. The configuration instructions for Perl 4 misleadingly state that some occult means are used under AFS to transport files from their installation tree to their run-time tree. In fact, that confusion arises from the fact that Depot, Stow's predecessor, originated at Carnegie Mellon University, which was also the birthplace of AFS. CMU's need to separate install-time and run-time trees stemmed from its use of Depot, not from AFS.

The result of this confusion is that Perl 5's configuration script doesn't even offer the option of separating install-time and run-time trees unless you're running AFS. Fortunately, after you've entered all the configuration settings, Perl's setup script gives you the opportunity to edit those settings in a file called `config.sh'. When prompted, you should edit this file and replace occurrences of

inst.../usr/local...

with

inst.../usr/local/stow/perl...

You can do this with the following Unix command:

sed 's,^\(inst.*/usr/local\),\1/stow/perl,' config.sh > config.sh.new mv config.sh.new config.sh

Hopefully, the Perl authors will correct this deficiency in Perl 5's configuration mechanism.

Perl 5 modules--i.e., extensions to Perl 5--generally conform to a set of standards for building and installing them. The standard says that the package comes with a top-level `Makefile.PL', which is a Perl script. When it runs, it generates a `Makefile'.

If you followed the instructions above for editing `config.sh' when Perl was built, then when you create a `Makefile' from a `Makefile.PL', it will contain separate locations for run-time (`/usr/local') and install-time (`/usr/local/stow/perl'). Thus you can do

perl Makefile.PL make make install

and the files will be installed into `/usr/local/stow/perl'. However, you might prefer each Perl module to be stowed separately. In that case, you must edit the resulting Makefile, replacing `/usr/local/stow/perl' with `/usr/local/stow/module'. The best way to do this is:

perl Makefile.PL find . -name Makefile -print | \ xargs perl -pi~ -e 's,^(INST.*/stow)/perl,$1/module,;' make make install

(The use of `find' and `xargs' ensures that all Makefiles in the module's source tree, even those in subdirectories, get edited.) A good convention to follow is to name the stow directory for a Perl module `cpan.module', where `cpan' stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, a collection of FTP sites that is the source of most Perl 5 extensions. This way, it's easy to tell at a glance which of the subdirectories of `/usr/local/stow' are Perl 5 extensions.

When you stow separate Perl 5 modules separately, you are likely to encounter conflicts (see section 6.3 Conflicts) with files named `.exists' and `perllocal.pod'. One way to work around this is to remove those files before stowing the module. If you use the `cpan.module' naming convention, you can simply do this:

cd /usr/local/stow find cpan.* \( -name .exists -o -name perllocal.pod \) -print | \ xargs rm

6.2 Multiple stow directories

If there are two or more system administrators who wish to maintain software separately, or if there is any other reason to want two or more stow directories, it can be done by creating a file named `.stow' in each stow directory. The presence of `/usr/local/foo/.stow' informs Stow that, though `foo' is not the current stow directory, and though it is a subdirectory of the target directory, nevertheless it is a stow directory and as such Stow doesn't "own" anything in it (see section 4. Installing packages). This will protect the contents of `foo' from a `stow -D', for instance.

When multiple stow directories share a target tree, the effectiveness of Stow is reduced. If a tree-folding symlink is encountered and needs to be split open during an installation, but the symlink points into the wrong stow directory, Stow will report a conflict rather than split open the tree (because it doesn't consider itself to own the symlink, and thus cannot remove it).

6.3 Conflicts

If, during installation, a file or symlink exists in the target tree and has the same name as something Stow needs to create, and if the existing name is not a folded tree that can be split open, then a conflict has arisen. A conflict also occurs if a directory exists where Stow needs to place a symlink to a non-directory. On the other hand, if the existing name is merely a symlink that already points where Stow needs it to, then no conflict has occurred. (Thus it is harmless to install a package that has already been installed.)

A conflict causes Stow to exit immediately and print a warning (unless `-c' is given), even if that means aborting an installation in mid-package.

When running Stow with the `-n' or `-c' options, no actual filesystem-modifying operations take place. Thus if a folded tree would have been split open, but instead was left in place because `-n' or `-c' was used, then Stow will report a false conflict, since the directory that Stow was expecting to populate has remained an unpopulatable symlink.

7. Bootstrapping

Suppose you have a stow directory all set up and ready to go: `/usr/local/stow/perl' contains the Perl installation, `/usr/local/stow/stow' contains Stow itself, and perhaps you have other packages waiting to be stowed. You'd like to be able to do this:

cd /usr/local/stow stow -vv *

but stow is not yet in your PATH. Nor can you do this:

cd /usr/local/stow stow/bin/stow -vv *

because the `#!' line at the beginning of stow tries to locate Perl (usually in `/usr/local/bin/perl'), and that won't be found. The solution you must use is:

cd /usr/local/stow perl/bin/perl stow/bin/stow -vv *

8. Reporting bugs

Please send bug reports to the author, Bob Glickstein, by electronic mail. The address to use is `<bobg+stow@zanshin.com>'. Please include:

• the version number of Stow (`stow --version');

• the version number of Perl (`perl -v');

• the system information, which can often be obtained with `uname -a';

• a description of the bug;

• the precise command you gave;

• the output from the command (preferably verbose output, obtained by adding `--verbose=3' to the Stow command line).

Before reporting a bug, please read the manual carefully, especially 9. Known bugs, and 6. Caveats, to see whether you're encountering something that doesn't need reporting, such as a "false conflict" (see section 6.3 Conflicts).

9. Known bugs

• When using multiple stow directories (see section 6.2 Multiple stow directories), Stow fails to "split open" tree-folding symlinks (see section 4. Installing packages) that point into a stow directory which is not the one in use by the current Stow command. Before failing, it should search the target of the link to see whether any element of the path contains a `.stow' file. If it finds one, it can "learn" about the cooperating stow directory to short-circuit the `.stow' search the next time it encounters a tree-folding symlink.

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Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

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4. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
   1. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

   2. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

   3. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

   The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.

   If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

5. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

6. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

7. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.

8. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

   If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

   It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

   This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

9. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

10. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

    Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

11. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
    NO WARRANTY

12. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

13. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does. Copyright (C) 19yy name of author This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:

Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.

Index

Jump to:	A   C   D   F   I   O   P   R   S   T

Footnotes

(1)

As of Perl 4.036 and Emacs 19.22.

(2)

As I write this, the current version of Emacs is 19.31.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Terminology
3. Invoking Stow
4. Installing packages
5. Deleting packages
6. Caveats

6.1 Compile-time and install-time

6.1.1 GNU Emacs
6.1.2 Other FSF software
6.1.3 Cygnus software
6.1.4 Perl and Perl 5 modules

6.2 Multiple stow directories
6.3 Conflicts

7. Bootstrapping
8. Reporting bugs
9. Known bugs
GNU General Public License

Preamble
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

Index

Short Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Terminology
3. Invoking Stow
4. Installing packages
5. Deleting packages
6. Caveats
7. Bootstrapping
8. Reporting bugs
9. Known bugs
GNU General Public License
Index

About this document

• 1. Section One
• 1.1 Subsection One-One
• ...
• 1.2 Subsection One-Two
• 1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One
• 1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two
• 1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three     <== Current Position
• 1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four
• 1.3 Subsection One-Three
• ...
• 1.4 Subsection One-Four